• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6341-6345
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• 2013

To clarify the role of stem cells in hepatocarcinogenesis, glypican-3 (GPC-3) and E-cadherin expression was investigated in embryonic cell lineages. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) and hepatocyte like cells (HCs), representing 0, 22 and 40 days of differentiation, respectively, were treated in vitro with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at four doses (0, 1, 5 and 15 mM; G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively) for 24 h and GPC-3 and E-cadherin expression was examined by relative quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. GPC-3 mRNA expression was significantly different for G4 at day 0 (p<0.001) and for G4 at day 22 (p<0.01) compared with the control (G1). E-cadherin mRNA expression was significantly different for G3 and G4 at day 0 (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), for G2 and G4 (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) at day 22 and for G2 and G4 (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) at day 40 compared with G1. Immunofluorescence staining for GPC-3 showed a membranous and/or granular expression in cytoplasm of ESCs and HPCs and granular and/or diffuse expression in cytoplasm of HCs, which were also stained by E-cadherin. DEN treatment increased GPC-3 expression in ESCs, HPCs and HCs, with increase of E-cadherin expression. Taken together, the expression of GPC-3 was altered by DEN treatment. However, its expression pattern was different at the stage of embryo stem cells and its derived hepatic lineage cells. This suggests that GPC-3 expression may be modulated in the progeny of stem cells during their differentiation toward hepatocytes, associated with E-cadherin expression.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.170-203
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• 2018

From the period of Japanese colonialism up to the present, the researchers of archaeology and ancient history in Korea and Japan have paid much attention to the Honam area. Recently the ruins and relics of Wae lineage are often discovered at archaeological excavation sites in this region. In particular, at least 17 keyhole-shaped mounds were confirmed. The fact that three mounds were built on one site was newly revealed. Haniwa, a representative earthenware object of the Kofun period in Japan, was discovered as well. Therefore, the study of a historical meaning of archaeological materials about Wae lineage in the Honam area thus far must be reexamined. The ruins and relics of Wae lineage in the Honam area have been studied by selecting only specific cases. I identified all the ruins and relics of Wae lineage in the Honam area and analyzed the process of their change in this paper. I reviewed the relationship between Wae and Mahan, and the purpose of their negotiation based on archaeological characteristics, changing processes, and historical records on a quarterly basis. The ruins and relics of Wae lineage have increased and widely spread since the early period of the 5th century in the Honam area. This tendency continued until the late period of the 6th century. Weapons of Wae lineage were introduced and tombs in the style of Wae were built from the late 4th century to the early period of the 5th century (TG232~TK216 period). Sueki was introduced from the middle to late period of the 5th century (TK208~TK23 period). Keyhole-shaped mounds and tombs in the style of Wae were built from the late period of the 5th century to the early period of the 6th century (TK47~MT15 period). Japanese weapons were introduced from the middle to late period of the 6th century (TK10~TK209 period). In other words, the archaeological appearance is different in each quarterly period. There was an intensive diplomatic relationship between Baekje and Wae in the TG232~TK216 period. The military might be included in a mission of Wae. The materials of Wae lineage of this period are likely to be related to this. Sueki spread to the inland part of the Honam area in the TK208~TK23 period. This Sueki tends to be excavated on advantageous sites for the accumulation and distribution of supplies. The main characters of the keyhole-shaped mounds are presumed to be a group of traders which were under the control of a certain influence in the north of Kyushu. The keyhole-shaped mounds were abruptly built at some distance from mounds of the leaders in the Honam area. Additionally, there was no special influence base to which the characters of the keyhole-shaped mounds belonged in the surroundings. However, it might have been impossible for the group of traders to build the keyhole-shaped mounds without the support from the residents at all because there was a big difference in the building technology of the keyhole-shaped mounds between Japan and the Honam area. The time of building some keyhole-shaped mounds is the same or almost the same with that of the mounds built for the regional leaders. This proves a close relationship with the residents as well. What do the archaeological materials of Wae lineage which have been used and buried mean over 200 years in the Honam area? Geumgwan Gaya, which had exported iron resources to Japan, perished in the early period of the 5th century. Instead of Gaya, the Honam area might have played an important role to supply the necessary resources to Japan. We assume that the Japanese (Wae) actively worked to acquire various resources focusing on the underground resources in the Honam area.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2008

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into a variety of cell types. They represent an attractive source of cells for gene and cell therapy. The purpose of this study is to direct the specific expression of the DsRed reporter gene in $Sca-1^+$ BMMSCs differentiated into a cardiomyogenic lineage. We constructed the prMLC-2v-DsRed vector expressing DsRed under the control of the 309 tp fragment of the rat MLC-2v 5'-flanking region. The specific expression of the DsRed reporter gene under the transcriptional control of the 309 bp fragment of the rat MLC-2v promoter was tested in 5-azacytidine healed-$Sca-1^+$ BMMSCs over 2 weeks after the prMLC-2v-DsRed transfection. The prMLC-2v-DsRed was specifically expressed in the $Sca-1^+$ BMMSCs with cardiomyogenic lineage differentiation and it demonstrates that the 309 bp sequences of the rat MLC-2v 5'-flanking region is sufficient to confer cardiac specific expression on a DsRed reporter gene. The cardiac-specific promoter-driven reporter vector provides an important tool for the study of stem cell differentiation and cell replacement therapy in ischemic cardiomyopathy.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.319-323
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• 2015

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells capable of differentiating into adipocytes, osteoblasts, or chondrocytes. A mutually inhibitory relationship exists between osteogenic and adipogenic lineage commitment and differentiation. Such cell fate decision is regulated by several signaling pathways, including Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) act as switches for MSCs to differentiate into either osteogenic or adipogenic lineage. Different miRNAs have been reported to regulate a master transcription factor for osteogenesis, such as Runx2, as well as molecules in the Wnt or BMP signaling pathway, and control the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. Here, we discuss recent advancement of the cell fate decision of MSCs by miRNAs and their targets. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(6): 319-323]

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.357-371
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• 1996

This study explores the perspective of mothers who have children at teens concerning grandparents' role and grandchildren's role, especially focusing on the similarity and difference according to lineage. The analysis indicates as below. 1. Mothers highly expect the roles of grandparents which are related to the developing of self-identity of grandchildren at teens. There is much similarity between mothers; view on paternal grandparents' role and maternal grandparents' role. However the results support that paternal grandparents' role is more central than maternal grandparents in influencing to the development of self identity of grandchildren. 2. Grandchildren's role toward paternal grandparents is expected much more positively than grandchildrens' role toward maternal grandparents. 3. Mother's perspective on grandparents' role and grandchildren's role is associated with mother's view on the importance of grandparents in the lives of grandchildren.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.575-584
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• 2012

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that comprises four genetic lineages: I, II, III, and IV. Of these, lineage II is frequently recovered from foods and environments and responsible for the increasing incidence of human listeriosis. In this study, the phylogenetic structure of lineage II was determined through sequencing analysis of the ascB-dapE internalin cluster. Fifteen sequence types proposed by multilocus sequence typing based on nine housekeeping genes were grouped into three distinct sublineages, IIA, IIB, and IIC. Organization of the ascB-dapE internalin cluster could serve as a molecular marker for these sublineages, with inlGHE, inlGC2DE, and inlC2DE for IIA, IIB, and IIC, respectively. These sublineages displayed specific genetic and phenotypic characteristics. IIA and IIC showed a higher frequency of recombination (${\rho}/{\theta}$). However, recombination events had greater effect (r/m) on IIB, leading to its high nucleotide diversity. Moreover, IIA and IIB harbored a wider range of internalin and stress-response genes, and possessed higher nisin tolerance, whereas IIC contained the largest portion of low-virulent strains owing to premature stop codons in inlA. The results of this study indicate that IIA, IIB, and IIC might occupy different ecological niches, and IIB might have a better adaptation to a broad range of environmental niches.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2008

This paper measures and compares the traffic of a series of Massively Multi-player On-line Role Playing Game (MMORPG). The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the MMORPG traffic and compare the traffic characteristics of those games caused by the game structure difference between 2D and 3D environment. The target game is 'Lineage I' and 'Lineage II' which represent world's largest MMORPGs in terms of the number of concurrent users. We collect about 280 giga bytes and 1 tera bytes of packet headers, respectively. We compare packet size, packet inter-arrival time and bandwidth usage of these two games. The MMORPG traffic consists of two kinds of packets: client-generated upstream packets and server-generated downstream packets. We observe that the upstream packet size of payload has grown from 9 bytes to 19 bytes, while the average payload size of downstream packets has grown from 37 bytes to 318 bytes. This asymmetry of growing rate is caused by 3D game structure. Packet inter-arrival time becomes shorter from average 2 milliseconds to 58 microseconds. Bandwidth consumption per client has grown from 4 kbps to 20 kbps. We find that there is a linear relationship between the number of users and the bandwidth usage in both case.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.105-108
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• 2008

Although the Korean isolate KI-1 of Toxoplasma gondii has been considered to be a virulent type I lineage because of its virulent clinical manifestations, its genotype is unclear. In the present study, genotyping of the KI-1 was performed by multilocus PCR-RFLP and microsatellite sequencing. For 9 genetic markers (c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, and Apico), the KI-1 and RH strains exhibited typical PCR-RFLP patterns identical to the type I strains. DNA sequencing of tandem repeats in 5 microsatellite markers (B17, B18, TUB2, W35, and TgM-A) of the KI-1 also revealed patterns characteristic of the type I. These results provide strong genetic evidence that KI-1 is a type I lineage of T. gondii.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2014

This empirical study is to investigate the influence of MMORPG player's social as well as individual characteristics on the emergent party play. First, we have tested our research model by surveying 231 active players of Lineage 2. The results demonstrate that both the personal values, such as self-efficacy and job satisfaction, and also the organizational values, such as task interdependence and trust, have significant influences on the organizational citizenship behaviors among the party players. This study suggests both theoretical and practical implications on how to encourage gamers' altruistic concern and organizational adaptation in MMORPG.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 2015

Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from Ascaris is very important for understanding the phylogenetic lineage of the parasite species. When aDNAs obtained from a Joseon tomb (SN2-19-1) coprolite in which Ascaris eggs were identified were amplified with primers for cytochrome b (cyt b) and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, the outcome exhibited Ascaris specific amplicon bands. By cloning, sequencing, and analysis of the amplified DNA, we obtained information valuable for comprehending genetic lineage of Ascaris prevalent among pre-modern Joseon peoples.