• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 1999

Objective : Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart and lung problems is used to assess functional capacity, evaluate responses to medical treatment, plan for exercise therapy, assess progression of disease process, and determine prognosis. Particularly in the patients with lung cancer, the exercise pulmonary function test gives significant physiologic assessment of the lung resection candidate. Common exercise modalities are running and cycling. Until now, the comparison of two tests mainly has been done in normal person and patients with cardiac diseases. This study is designed to compare the treadmill and bicycle exercise pulmonary function test in patients with respiratory diseases. Methods : Twenty one patients underwent a progressively incremental exercise test to the symptom-limited stage with the treadmill (Vmax29 Sensor Medics, USA) and the bicycle(model No. 2,900 Sensor Medics, USA) with 7 days apart between the two tests. Measurements were made of the metabolic, cardiorespiratory parameters, blood gases, and symptoms. Results : The results of the treadmill exercise showed significant elevation in the $VO_2$max, VEmax, and anaerobic threshold compared to those of bicycle exercise. In contrast, the results of the breathing and heart rate reserve showed the reverse. Conclusion : These results suggest that the type of exercise should be taken into consideration when interpreting exercise test in patients with respiratory diseases.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.239-258
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• 2012

In this paper, experimental investigations on high strength steel (HSS) stud connected steel-concrete composite (SCC) girders to understand the effect of shear connector density on their flexural behaviour is presented. SCC girder specimens were designed for three different shear capacities (100%, 85%, and 70%), by varying the number of stud connectors in the shear span. Three SCC girder specimens were tested under monotonic/quasi-static loading, while three similar girder specimens were subjected to non-reversal cyclic loading under simply supported end conditions. Details of casting the specimens, experimental set-up, and method of testing, instrumentation for the measurement of deflection, interface-slip and strain are discussed. It is found that SCC girder specimen designed for full shear capacity exhibits interface slip for loads beyond 25% of the ultimate load capacity. Specimens with lesser degree of shear connection show lower values of load at initiation of slip. Very good ductility is exhibited by all the HSS stud connected SCC girder specimens. It is observed that the ultimate moment of resistance as well as ductility gets reduced for HSS stud connected SCC girder with reduction in stud shear connector density. Efficiency factor indicating the effectiveness of high strength stud connectors in resisting interface forces is estimated to be 0.8 from the analysis. Failure mode is primarily flexure with fracturing of stud connectors and characterised by flexural cracking and crushing of concrete at top in the pure bending region. Local buckling in the top flange of steel beam was also observed at the loads near to failure, which is influenced by spacing of studs and top flange thickness of rolled steel section. One of the recommendations is that the ultimate load capacity can be limited to 1.5 times the plastic moment capacity of the section such that the post peak load reduction is kept within limits. Load-deflection behaviour for monotonic tests compared well with the envelope of load-deflection curves for cyclic tests. It is concluded from the experimental investigations that use of HSS studs will reduce their numbers for given loading, which is advantageous in case of long spans. Buckling of top flange of rolled section is observed at failure stage. Provision of lips in the top flange is suggested to avoid this buckling. This is possible in case of longer spans, where normally built-up sections are used.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.205-213
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• 2015

Era of multi-channel digital multimedia on the Internet, cable, satellite and IPTV and the growth of new media such as terrestrial broadcast advertising with the poor rating has also dropped sharply. In this situation, terrestrial TV suggesting the introduction for total amount system appearing comments. In this study, the introduction of these intermediate advertising the public and professional awareness about the issue by comparing the introduction for total amount advertising feasibility was done in the purpose. The results were as follows. First, Studies on terrestrial TV suggesting the introduction of total amount system and public opinion about the differences in perception between experts is high. Second, Both the public and professionals about the total amount system preferred application stage were in favor of gradual for/limited permit cross-media. Third, the general population was higher than the positive response from experts about the benefits of the total amount system. Finally, the general public about the disadvantages of the total amount system they were more positive response than the experts. The introduction for total amount system validity of these data for future total amouny system to provide a basis for enforcement is expected to give.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.177-181
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• 2008

In this study, the authors analyzed the limit of IOPC Fund system, such as limit of compensation, amount of FC, long period of assessment by IOPC Fund, issue of non verification by poor claimant or small business, issue of poor claimant subsistence in early stage of accidents, and comparatively analyzed how the three countries resolved these limits by enacting special laws and government policy. Until recently most governments have carried out prevention policy for maritime safety, oil spill response, investigation of maritime accidents, and restoration of marine environment when oil spill accidents happened. However, governments have not actively participated in the oil spill compensation process because it is a matter of private sectors between the polluter and claimant. The governments have only limited their role in ratifying Civil Liability Convention and Fund Convention and enacted relevant domestic laws. However, the governments of France, Spain, and Korea have actively participated in the compensation process of oil pollution incidents of M/T Erika, M/T Prestige, and M/T Hebei Spirit. This is because they had experiences of unsuccessful compensation in M/T Amoco Cadiz, M/T Agean Sea, and M/T Sea Prince.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2012

Pinus pumila, which occurs in the northeast Asia, is found limitedly in Daecheongbong area of Mt. Seorak in the South Korea. This population was chosen to study spatial pattern, genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure. There were 48 polymorphic and 30 monomorphic I-SSR markers. A total of 65 individuals which distributed in the study site (40 m ${\times}$ 70 m) showed weakly aggregate distribution (Aggregate Index = 0.871). A total of 40 genets were observed from 65 individuals through I-SSR genotype comparison. Proportion of distinguishable genotype (G/N), genotype diversity (D) and genotype evenness (E) were 61.5%, 0.977 and 0.909, respectively. In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, Shannon's diversity index (I = 0.567) was relatively high as compared with those of other plant species. Spatial autocorrelation using Tanimoto's distance showed that the genetic patch was established within 12 m. Based on Mantel tests, there was relatively low correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Therefore, it seems the P. pumila population was formed by many parent trees in early stage. For ex situ genetic conservation of P. pumila, the sampling strategy is efficient at least above 12 m between individual trees.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2016

The major advantage of slip-ring technology in Spiral CT is that it facilitates continuous rotation of the x-ray tube, so that volume data can be acquired from a patient quickly. Not only for such a fast scan, but also for the dose reduction purpose, high signal-to-noise ratio and fast data acquisition system is required. In this study, we have built a multi-channel photodetector and multi-channel data acquisition system for CT application. The detector module consisted of CdWO4 crystal and Si photodiode in 16 channels. For the performance test of the preamplifier stage, both the transimpedance and switched integrator types are optimized for the photodetector modules. Switched integrator showed better noise performance in the limited bandwidth which is suitable for the current CT application. The control sequence for data acquisition and 20 bit ADC is designed with VHDL(Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) and implemented on FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) chip. Our Si photodiode detector module coupled to CdWO4 crystal showed comparable signal with other commercially available photodiode for CT. Switched integrator type showed higher SNR but narrower bandwidth compared to transimpedance preamplifier. Digital hardware is designed by FPGA, so that the control signal could be redesigned without hardware alteration.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.236-244
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• 2010

In this paper, a planar structure negative group delay circuit(NGDC) is proposed to overcome the limited availability of the component values required for the prototype lumped element(LE) NGDC design. From the prototype LE circuit analysis, general design equations and the conditions to obtain the NGD are derived and illustrated. Then the LE circuit is converted into the planar structure by applying the transmission line resonator(TLR) theory. As a design example, the LE NGDC and the proposed planar structure NGDC are designed and compared. To estimate the commercial applicability, 2-stage reflection type planar NGDC with -5.6 ns of total group delay, -0.2 dB of insertion loss, and 30 MHz of bandwidth together with 0.1 dB and 0.5 ns of the magnitude and group delay flatness, respectively, for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA) downlink band is fabricated and demonstrated. Also, to show the applicability of the proposed NGDC, we have configured a simple signal cancellation loop and obtained good loop suppression performance.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.204-209
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• 2008

Purpose: The goal of this study was to review the clinicopathologic characteristics of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the stomach. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 13 patients who were diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumor from January 1999 to August 2007 at Kosin Medical Center; 4,159 gastric cancer patients were treated surgically during the same time. The average follow up period was 14.3 months. Results: The majority of 13 patients were men (male-female ratio: 11:2) and the average age of patients with NET was 59.4 years (range: 42~72 years). The presenting symptoms were mostly epigastric pain and soreness. The tumor was limited to the mucosa or submucosa in two cases, and the tumor extended beyond the muscle layer in 11 cases. The mean size of the tumor was 7.0 cm, ranging from 0.7 cm to 15 cm. The type of the NEC (according to the WHO classification) was type 3 for eight patients, type 4 for four patients and type 1 for one patient. Regional lymph node metastasis was noted in 11 patients. Four cases showed recurrence of disease and the site of recurrence included liver in two patients, multiple organs (including the peritoneum and lung) in one patient and multiple organs (including liver, pancreas and duodenum) in one patient. The recurrent cases were type 3 and type 4 and the average survival period of the recurrent patients was 12.8 months. Conclusion: The majority of neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach were at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. These tumors frequently recurred in the liver and they have a poor prognosis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.427-437
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• 2019

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of microsatellite instability in early gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The microsatellite instability status of resected early gastric tumors was evaluated using two mononucleotide repeat markers (BAT25 and BAT26) and three dinucleotide repeat markers (D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250). Tumors with instability in two or more markers were defined as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and others were classified as microsatellite stable (MSS). Results: Overall, 1,156 tumors were included in the analysis, with 85 (7.4%) classified as MSI-H compared with MSS tumors. For MSI-H tumors, there was a significant correlation with the female sex, older age, tumor location in the lower gastric body, intestinal histology, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and submucosal invasion (P<0.05). There was also a trend toward an association with lymph node (LN) metastasis (P=0.056). In mucosal gastric cancer, there was no significant difference in MSI status in tumors with LN metastasis or tumors with LVI. In submucosal gastric cancer, LVI was more frequently observed in MSI-H than in MSS tumors (38.9% vs. 25.0%, P=0.027), but there was no difference in the presence of LN metastases. The prognosis of MSI-H tumors was similar to that of MSS tumors (log-rank test, P=0.797, the hazard ratio for MSI-H was adjusted by age, sex, pT stage, and the number of metastatic LNs, 0.932; 95% confidence interval, 0.423-2.054; P=0.861). Conclusions: MSI status was not useful in predicting prognosis in early gastric cancer. However, the frequent presence of LVI in early MSI-H gastric cancer may help guide the appropriate treatment for patients, such as endoscopic treatment or limited LN surgical dissection.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.97-111
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• 2009

Context-aware computing, as a core of smart space development, has been widely regarded as useful in realizing individual service provision. However, most of context-aware services so fat are in its early stage to be dispatched for actual usage in the real world, caused mainly by user's privacy concerns. Moreover, since legacy context-aware services have focused on acquiring in an automatic manner the extra-personal context such as location, weather and objects near by, the services are very limited in terms of quality and variety if the service should identify intra-personal context such as attitudes and privacy concern, which are in fact very useful to select the relevant and timely services to a user. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to propose a novel methodology to infer the user's privacy concern as intra-personal context in an intelligent manner. The proposed methodology includes a variety of stimuli from outside the person and then performs model-based reasoning with social theory models from model base to predict the user's level of privacy concern semi-automatically. To show the feasibility of the proposed methodology, a survey has been performed to examine the performance of the proposed methodology.