• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.80-94
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. In community planting, as a group of canopy, there are 6 species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata, Quercus alienna, Quercus variabilis. As a group of understory, there are 5 species; Platycarya strobilacea, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Morus bombycis. Also as a group of shrub, there were 15 kinds of species; Ulmus pavifolia, Ulmus davidiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Mallotus japonicus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sorbus alnifolia, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rosa wichuraiana, Rhus chinensis, Viburnum erosum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense, Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And as a group of edge vegetation, there were 10 kinds of species; Japanese Angelica, Symplocos chinensis, Pittosporum tobira, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus coreanus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis thunbergii, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Rosa multiflora. Vegetation restoration models of Pinus thunbergii community were calculated the units $400m^2$ for the average populations of the woody layer is 24 in canopy layer, 35 in understory layer, 410 in shrub layer, 34% herbaceous layer ground cover. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area is $10,852cm^2$ in canopy layer, in understory layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees is calculated as 2.0m in canopy layer, 1.9m in understory layer.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2005

모감주나무군락지인 안면도 승언리, 대구 내곡동, 포항시 유강리, 양학리, 발산리, 대동배리,모포리, 서촌리를 대상으로 모감주나무군락의 종조성과 군락유형을 분석하였다. 2002년 4월부터 2003년 9월까지 모감주나무군락의 자연식생을 Braun-Blanquet의 방법에 의해 8개 지소에 68개의 방형구를 설치, 식생 자료를 수집하여 종조성표를 작성하였다. 그 결과 전 조사지 역에서 는 총 201종이 출현하였으며 식피율은 교목층 $30\~100\%$, 관목층 $0\~90\%$, 초본층 $20\~100\%$였다. 주름조개풀, 칡, 떡갈나무, 사위질빵, 쥐똥나무, 찔레, 쑥, 환삼덩굴, 아까시나무가 출현빈도가 높았다. 분류법과 서열법을 통해 군락을 분석하기 위해 TWINSPAN과 DECORANA를 사용하였으며 TWINSPAN을 이용하여 68개의 방형구에 대한 군락 분석을 수행한 결과3개의 그룹으로 구분되 었으며 DECORANA를 이용하여 서열 분석을 한 결과 68개의 방형구는 I축의 값을 기준으로 3개의 군락으로 나누어졌다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.31-45
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• 2020

This study suggested the planting models of Carpinus turczaninowii community to make in Badahyanggi Arboretum and was carried out to the structure of C. turczaninowii commnity in Daebu-Yeongheung Islands. In order to identify the current ecological environment, this study set to 13 plots(i.e. 100㎡) for analysing detailed structure of plant communities. The research methodology was qualitative analysis. It used TWINSPAN, PCA and Indicator Species Analysis tools which are performed well in several comparisons of classification techniques and one of the ordination techniques showed that the plant communities. The results were classified into 3 communities that C. turczaninowii-Pinus densiflora community(I), C. turczaninowii-Quercus serrata community(II) and C. turczaninowii-Platycarya strobilacea community(III). In all of communities, C. turczaninowii was dominant species in canopy layer and understory layer, the degree of closure was high. Proposed the planting models that are I~II communities based on planting status in Badahyanggi Arboretum(Island Plant Botanical Garden), the structure of plant communities, indicator species and individual distribution by DBH classes. Also, The multi-layer planting plans are necessary, such as P. strobilacea, Lindera erythrocarpa, Viburnum carlesii, V. dilatatum, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Zanthoxylum schinifolium and so on.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.62-75
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• 2022

Background: Pollinators help plants to reproduce and support economically valuable food for humans and entire ecosystems. However, declines of pollinators along with population growth and increasing agricultural activities hamper this mutual interaction. Nectar and pollen are the major reward for pollinators and flower morphology and volatiles mediate the specialized plant-pollinator interactions. Limited information is available on the volatile profiles attractive to honey bees and bumblebees. In this study we analyzed the volatile organic compounds of the flowers of 9 different plant species that are predominantly visited by honey bees and bumblebees. The chemical compositions of the volatiles were determined using a head space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, designed to understand the plant-pollinator chemical interaction. Results: Results showed the monoterpene 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E) (E-𝞫-ocimene) was the dominating compound in most flowers analyzed, e.g., in proportion of 60.3% in Lonicera japonica, 48.8% in Diospyros lotus, 38.4% Amorpha fruticosa and 23.7% in Robinia pseudoacacia. Ailanthus altissima exhibited other monoterpenes such as 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (𝞫-linalool) (39.1%) and (5E)-3,5-dimethylocta-1,5,7-trien-3-ol (hotrienol) (32.1%) as predominant compounds. Nitrogen containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were occurring principally in Corydalis speciosa; 1H-pyrrole, 2,3-dimethyl- (50.0%) and pyrimidine, 2-methyl- (40.2%), and in Diospyros kaki; 1-triazene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl (40.5%). Ligustrum obtusifolium flower scent contains isopropoxycarbamic acid, ethyl ester (21.1%) and n-octane (13.4%) as major compounds. In Castanea crenata the preeminent compound is 1-phenylethanone (acetophenone) (46.7%). Conclusions: Olfactory cues are important for pollinators to locate their floral resources. Based on our results we conclude monoterpenes might be used as major chemical mediators attractive to both honey bees and bumblebees to their host flowers. However, the mode of action of these chemicals and possible synergistic effects for olfaction need further investigation.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.29-42
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• 2023

As the destruction of habitats due to recent development continues, there is also increasing interest in endangered species. Mankyua chejuense is a vulnerable species that is sensitive to changes in population and habitat, and it has recently been upgraded from Endangered Species II to Endangered Species I, requiring significant management efforts. So in this study, we analyzed the potential habitats of Mankyua chejuense using MaxEnt(Maximum Entropy) modeling. We developed three models: one that considered only environmental characteristics, one that considered artificial factors, and one that reflected the habitat of dominant tree species in the overstory. Based on previous studies, we incorporated environmental and human influence factors for the habitats of Mankyua chejuense into spatial information, and we also used the habitat distribution models of dominant tree species, including Ulmus parvifolia, Maclura tricuspidata, and Ligustrum obtusifolium, that have been previously identified as major overstory species of Mankyua chejuense. Our analysis revealed that rock exposure, elevation, slope, forest type, building density, and soil type were the main factors determining the potential habitat of Mankyua chejuense. Differences among the three models were observed in the edges of the habitats due to human influence factors, and results varied depending on the similarity of the habitats of Mankyua chejuense and the dominant tree species in the overstory. The potential habitats of Mankyua chejuense presented in this study include areas where the species could potentially inhabit in addition to existing habitats. Therefore, these results can be used for the conservation and management planning of Mankyua chejuense.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권3호
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• pp.292-298
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• 1999

낙엽성 활엽수 6수종을 5수준의 피음도로 처리한 후 이들의 수분통도성을 Huber value와 leaf specific conductivity(LSC) 보서 조사하였다. 처리 1차 연도에 피음하지 않은 조건에서 측정된 전체조사 대상 수종의 Huber value는 6, 7, 9원에 각각 $1.5{\sim}9.1mm^2/dm^2$, $1.3{\sim}2.6mm^2/dm^2$, $1.5{\sim}5.3mm^2/dm^2$의 범위 내에 있었다. 그 값은 일반적으로 대부분의 수종에서 피음도를 높이면서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 9월에는 조기 낙엽 현상 때문에 측정치 대부분이 7월에 측정된 값보다 높았다. Huber value는 대부분의 조사 수종에서 처리 1, 2차 연도에 따른 측정치간에 차이를 보였지만 그 값의 계절적인 변이나 피음에 따른 영향은 처리 연도에 상관없이 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 2년간 진행된 조사에서 leaf specific conductivity는 자작나무, 박달나무, 느티나무, 고로쇠나무의 경우에 $4.0{\sim}80.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ 범위내의 값에서 측정 계절이나 피음 수준에 따른 변이를 보였다. 그리나 쥐똥나무와 산벚나무의 경우에는 상기 수종들의 값과는 차이를 보이면서 각기 $4.0{\sim}280.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$, $8.0{\sim}120{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$의 값은, 나타냈다. LSC 값은 수종 별, 그리고 처리 연도 별로 계절에 따라 나소 불규칙한 변화를 보였으며 처리 1차 연도에는 자작나무, 박달나무, 산벚나무, 처리 2차 연도에는 느티나무, 산벚나무에서 대부분 7월보다는 9월에 보다 높은 LSC값을 나타냈다. LSC값은 조사된 모든 수종에서 인위적인 피음 수준을 높힐수록 대체로 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제86권4호
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• pp.415-421
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• 1997

본 연구는 Shigometer를 조경수목의 건강도 측정에 활용하기 위하여 계절별로 형성층 부근의 전기저항치를 조사하여 수종별 평균치를 구하고, 관목, 침엽수교목, 활엽수교목의 개엽, 개화, 생장정지등 계절별 생장에 따른 전기저항 특성을 상호 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 1996년 3월부터 11월까지 경기도 수원시 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 교내에 식재되어 있는 조경수 20 수종을 대상으로 Shigometer를 이용하여 각 수목의 형성층의 전기저항치(CER)를 개화와 개엽시기인 3월에서 5월까지 주 1회씩, 6월부터 10월까지 월 1회씩, 그리고 11월에는 2주마다 측정하였다. 수종별로 건강한 4개체를 사용하였으며, 매회 개체당 4반복으로 조사하였다. 모든 수종이 3월에 높은 CER을 보이다가 4월부터 감소하기 시작하여 5월부터 8월 사이에 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 9월부터 다시 증가하기 시작하여 11월에는 3월과 같은 수준의 높은 값을 나타냈다. 전체 20 수종 중에서 년 평균 CER 값이 가장 낮은 수종은 $5.5k{\Omega}$의 메타세코이아였으며 가장 높은 수종은 $22.7k{\Omega}$과 $22.9k{\Omega}$의 박태기나무와 쥐똥나무였다. 여름철 (6~8월)에 가장 낮은 CER 값을 보여준 수종은 등나무 ($2.4k{\Omega}$)였으며, 그 다음은 메타세코이아($2.5k{\Omega}$)이었다. 11월 혹은 3윌 중에 가장 높은 CER 값을 가진 나무는 사철나무($46.8k{\Omega}$)이었고 그 다음은 쥐똥나무($45.0k{\Omega}$)이였다. 봄철 개엽시기에 맞추어 대부분 수종의 CER이 감소하였으며, 특히 관목에서 현저히 나타났다. 개화시기에도 많은 수종의 CER이 감소하였는데 특히 개화량이 많은 관목과 활엽수 교목에서 관찰되었다. 관목, 활엽수 교목, 침엽수 교목간의 비교에서는 관목의 평균 CER치가 교목보다 높은 편이었으며, 상록수의 계절간 변화폭은 낙엽수보다 적게 나타났다. 메타세코이아는 낙엽성 침엽수이지만 년간 평균치가 가장 낮았다.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제1권
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• pp.115-198
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• 1987

The present studies were undertaken to elucidate the influence of auxins, auxin-like substance-ethychlozate ("Figaron"),and pH and sort of rooting media on rooted propagation of certainornamental woody plant cuttings, and to see possible changes in internal compositions characterizing after root-promoting treatment as the cutting stage proceeded. The experimental check-up srevealed and summarized as seen in the following;I. Effect of three different auxin treatments on rooting cuttings: 1) Promotive influence of auxin varied according to different concentration levels, hours of dipping treatment of the auxins, and kind of plants. The greatest effect was obtained for Forsythia ksreana with NAA and IBA, for Ligustrurn obtusifolium var. variegatum with NAA and ethychlozate, for Hydrangea macrophylla, Magnolia kobus, and Magnolia liliflora with NAA, lBA and ethychlozate also. The most effective level of the promotive agents was found 200mg/l for NAA, 1000mg/l for IBA, and 200mg/l for ethychlozate. For Weigela florida and Gardenia jasminoides, range of the most effective level was shown relatively wide spread. 2) NAA was more effective at its optimal level of the rooting agent than ethychiozate for Weigela florida, Viburnum awabuki, Forsythia koreana, Acer palmatum 'Nomura', Bouga invillea glabra, Elaeagnus umbellata, Prunus tomentosa, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Pyracantha coccinea, Cestrum noctu rnum, Hydrangea macrophylla, Codiaeum variegatum, Rhododen dron lateritium, and Ilex crenata var. macrophylla, and yet ethychlozate was found either as equally as effective or more so than NAA for Zebrina pendula, Hibiscus syriacus, Fatshedera lizei, Schefflera arboricola, Campsis grandiflo ra, Ixora chinensis, Euonymus japonica, and Magnolia liliflora. On the contrary, no the auxin effect was noted with Lagerstroemia indica, Trachelospermum asiaticum, and Syringa vulgaris. This probably indicates that these species are genetically different for the auxin response.II. Effect of different pH and sorts of cutting media on rooting cuttings: 1) Bougainvillea showed best in rooting for the number and dry weight at pH 6.5, more with ethychlozate than NAA, while Ligustrum did at pH 5.0 more with NAA than ethychlozate. pH 4.0 medium resulted in the best rooting for Rhododendron with NAA, more than ethychlozate. 2) Use of cutting medium with peat: perlite: vermiculite = 1:1:1 showed to give the greatest rooting percent and dry weight, apart from considering the number of roots. This apparently meant the fact that cutting medium has more to do with root growth than root differentiation. Rhododendron yet showed results with cutting media that use of peat: perlite = 2:1 mixed is more effective on rooting than using peat alone.III. Effect of auxinic treatments on rooting cuttings and change in some cutting compositions: 1) Under the climatic conditions of July having temperature $26.3\pm$$2.4^{\circ}C$for cutting bed, new roots of Magnolia started to show up generally 20 days after the cutting was made, whereas Cestrum did much earlier than that, namely 14 days after. 2) Although total carbohydrate content of Magnolia cuttings showed no marked change without auxin treatment, it did so with the treatment, especially 30 days after the start of cutting. Cestrum cuttings demonstrated a gradual in crease in total carbohydrate content as rooting took place, and the content became reduced more with auxin than with out, just about when rooting proceeded to 14 days after the start of cutting. 3) Magnolia generally showed an increase in total nitrogen content as rooting proceeded more, and Cestrum showed a decrease in total nitrogen of cuttings. The auxin treatment exhibited no pertinent relation with change in plant nitro gen when rooting is promoted with auxin treatment. 4) An abrupt drop of total sugar and reducing sugar was noticed as Magnolia rooting started, and this reduction was parti cularly outstanding with auxin treatment. Starch content also was decreased in the later stage of cutting with auxin treatment, and was rather increased without auxin. Although sugar content soon increased as cutting started with auxin treatment in the case of Cestrum, it became reduced after rooting took place. 5) Total phenol content increased with rooting, and this was especially true when rooting started. This increase was reversed somehow regardless of auxin treatment. A decrease in phenol of Magnolia was found more striking with auxin than without in the later stage of the cutting period. 6)Avena coleoptile test for auxin-like substances presented the physiologically active factor is more in easy-to-root Magnolia liliflora than hard-to-root Magnolia kobus, and the activity of auxin-like substances was much increased with auxin treatment. The increase in the growth promoting substances was markedly pronounced when rooting just started. The active growth substances decreased in the later stage of cutting, and certain inhibitory substances started appearing. Cestrum also showed physiologically similar growth promoting substances accompanying auxin-like active substances if auxin is treated, and some strong inhibitory substances seemed to appear in the later stage of cutting. 7) Mung-bean-rooting test indicated biologically that endogenous growth substances in Magnolia all promoted mung-bean rooting, and activity of the growth substances apparently stimulated mung-bean rooting with auxin more than without. Here auxin treatment seemed to give a rise to an increased activity of endogenous growth substances in cuttings. This activity was found much greater with either NAA or IBA than ethychlozate, and showed its peak of the activity when rooting first started taking place. Certain inhibitory substances for Avena coleoptile growth strongly promoted mung-bean rooting, and it was also much like in the case of Cestrum.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제78권2호
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• pp.103-118
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• 1989

왕쥐똥나무빗자루병(病)은 국내외적(國內外的)으로 처음 발견(發見)된 병(病)으로서 그 병원체(病原體), 병징(病徵), 전염경로(傳染經路), 항생물질반응(抗生物質反應), 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡) 및 형광현미경(螢光顯微鏡) 관찰(觀察), 전기영동(電氣永動)에 의(依)한 단백질(蛋白質) 및 peroxidase 분리(分離) 등(等)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 왕쥐똥나무빗자루병(病)의 병징(病徵)은 지엽(枝葉)의 총생(叢生) 절간단축(節間短縮), 기관(器官)의 위축(萎縮), 위황(萎黃) 등(等) 빗자루병(病) 특유(特有)의 양상(樣相)을 나타냈다. 2. 이병주(罹病株)의 엽주맥(葉主脈) 조직(組織)을 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡)에 의(依)하여 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果) 사관세포(篩管細胞) 및 사부유세포(篩部柔細胞)에서 mycoplasma-like organism이 발견(發見)되었다. 3. 본(本) 병원체(病原體)는 unit membrane에 싸여 있고 이분법(二分法)에 의(依)하여 증식(增殖)되며 사공(篩孔)을 통해서 식물체내(植物體內) 이동(移動)을 한 것 같은 상(像)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 4. 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡) 관찰(觀察) 결과(結果) 사부유세포(篩部柔細胞)에는 이상결정물(異常結晶物)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 5. 아접(芽接), 절접(切接), 녹지접(綠枝接)에 의(依)한 접목전여(接木傳染)이 왕쥐똥나무, 쥐똥나무, 광나무에 가능(可能)했으며 점아(接芽)나 접수(接穗)가 활착(活着)되지 않았어도 전염(傳染)이 가능(可能)했다. 6. 마름무늬매미충에 의(依)하여 왕쥐똥나무와 쥐똥나무에 충매전염(虫媒傳染)이 되었다. 7. Teracyclin 1,000 ppm 수용액(水溶液)에 근부침지(根部浸漬)한 결과(結果) 일시적(一時的)인 치료효과(治療效果)는 있었으나 영구치료(永久治療)는 되지 않았다. 8. DAPI 염색(染色)에 의(依)한 형광현미경(螢光顯微鏡) 관찰결과(觀察結果) 병원체(病原體)가 사부요소(篩部要素)에 존재(存在)함이 확인(確認)되었다. 9. 전기영동법(電氣泳動法)에 의(依)한 단백질(蛋白質) 및 peroxidase 분리상(分離像)이 건전주(健全株)와 이병주(羅病珠)의 엽(葉)에서 뚜렷한 차이(差異)가 있었다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.357-368
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• 2013

본 연구는 한반도 풍혈지 식생에 대하여 ZM학파의 식물사회학적 방법을 통해 식물군락의 특성을 밝히고 풍혈지의 보전 및 관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제공을 목적으로 수행되었다. 풍혈지는 지하에 저온층이 존재하는 크고 작은 바위들의 집적지로서, 지표면에 열려진 공극으로부터 자연적인 냉풍이 불어 나와 국소적으로 저온환경이 형성된 지역이다. 63개 식생조사 자료를 이용하여 풍혈지의 식물군락을 구분한 결과, A. 굴참나무-한들고사리군락, B. 신갈나무-박달나무군락, B-1. 졸참나무-가는잎쐐기풀하위군락, B-2. 마가목-인가목조팝나무하위군락, B-3. 털댕강나무-개병풍하위군락, B-4. 전형하위군락의 2개 군락 4개 하위군락으로 구분되었다. DCCA분석 결과, 굴참나무, 쥐똥나무, 느티나무, 분꽃나무 등을 구분종으로 하는 굴참나무-한들고사리군락은 신갈나무, 쉬땅나무, 함박꽃나무, 당단풍나무, 민둥인가목 등을 구분종으로 하는 신갈나무-박달나무군락보다 온량지수와 강수량이 많은 지역과 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 인가목조팝나무, 마가목, 흰인가목, 산앵도나무, 산겨릅나무, 퍼진고사리, 전나무을 구분종으로 하는 마가목-인가목조팝나무하위군락과 구분종을 가지고 있지 않은 전형하위군락은 다른 하위군락에 비하여 높은 해발과 많은 강수량 지역에 분포하였으며, 당조팝나무, 털댕강나무, 개병풍, 산토끼고사리, 북분취, 일본잎갈나무 등을 구분종으로 하는 털댕강나무-개병풍하위군락은 인간활동에 의하여 일광 노출이 많은 지역에 분포하였다.