• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 세계 도시지반공학 심포지엄
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

Incheon Bridge, 18.4 km long sea-crossing bridge, will be opened to the traffic in October 2009 and this will be the new landmark of the gearing up north-east Asia as well as the largest & longest bridge of Korea. Incheon Bridge is the integrated set of several special featured bridges including a magnificent cable-stayed girder bridge which has a main span of 800 m width to cross the navigation channel in and out of the Port of Incheon. Incheon Bridge is making an epoch of long-span bridge designs thanks to the fully application of the AASHTO LRFD (load & resistance factor design) to both the superstructures and the substructures. A state-of-the-art of the geotechnologies which were applied to the Incheon Bridge construction project is introduced. The most Large-diameter drilled shafts were penetrated into the bedrock to support the colossal superstructures. The bearing capacity and deformational characteristics of the foundations were verified through the world's largest static pile load test. 8 full-scale pilot piles were tested in both offshore site and onshore area prior to the commencement of constructions. Compressible load beyond 30,000 tonf pressed a single 3 m diameter foundation pile by means of bi-directional loading method including the Osterberg cell techniques. Detailed site investigation to characterize the subsurface properties had been carried out. Geotextile tubes, tied sheet pile walls, and trestles were utilized to overcome the very large tidal difference between ebb and flow at the foreshore site. 44 circular-cell type dolphins surround the piers near the navigation channel to protect the bridge against the collision with aberrant vessels. Each dolphin structure consists of the flat sheet piled wall and infilled aggregates to absorb the collision impact. Geo-centrifugal tests were performed to evaluate the behavior of the dolphin in the seabed and to verify the numerical model for the design. Rip-rap embankments on the seabed are expected to prevent the scouring of the foundation. Prefabricated vertical drains, sand compaction piles, deep cement mixings, horizontal natural-fiber drains, and other subsidiary methods were used to improve the soft ground for the site of abutments, toll plazas, and access roads. Light-weight backfill using EPS blocks helps to reduce the earth pressure behind the abutment on the soft ground. Some kinds of reinforced earth like as MSE using geosynthetics were utilized for the ring wall of the abutment. Soil steel bridges made of corrugated steel plates and engineered backfills were constructed for the open-cut tunnel and the culvert. Diverse experiences of advanced designs and constructions from the Incheon Bridge project have been propagated by relevant engineers and it is strongly expected that significant achievements in geotechnical engineering through this project will contribute to the national development of the longspan bridge technologies remarkably.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.276-280
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• 2010

Copper(Cu) as an interconnecting metal layer can replace aluminum (Al) in IC fabrication since Cu has low electrical resistivity, showing high immunity to electromigration compared to Al. However, it is very difficult for copper to be patterned by the dry etching processes. The chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process has been introduced and widely used as the mainstream patterning technique for Cu in the fabrication of deep submicron integrated circuits in light of its capability to reduce surface roughness. But this process leaves a large amount of residues on the wafer surface, which must be removed by the post-CMP cleaning processes. Copper corrosion is one of the critical issues for the copper metallization process. Thus, in order to understand the copper corrosion problems in post-CMP cleaning solutions and study the effects of DC biases and post-CMP cleaning solution concentrations on the Cu film, a constant voltage was supplied at various concentrations, and then the output currents were measured and recorded with time. Most of the cases, the current was steadily decreased (i.e. resistance was increased by the oxidation). In the lowest concentration case only, the current was steadily increased with the scarce fluctuations. The higher the constant supplied DC voltage values, the higher the initial output current and the saturated current values. However the time to be taken for it to be saturated was almost the same for all the DC supplied voltage values. It was indicated that the oxide formation was not dependent on the supplied voltage values and 1 V was more than enough to form the oxide. With applied voltages lower than 3 V combined with any concentration, the perforation through the oxide film rarely took place due to the insufficient driving force (voltage) and the copper oxidation ceased. However, with the voltage higher than 3 V, the copper ions were started to diffuse out through the oxide film and thus made pores to be formed on the oxide surface, causing the current to increase and a part of the exposed copper film inside the pores gets back to be oxidized and the rest of it was remained without any further oxidation, causing the current back to decrease a little bit. With increasing the applied DC bias value, the shorter time to be taken for copper ions to be diffused out through the copper oxide film. From the discussions above, it could be concluded that the oxide film was formed and grown by the copper ion diffusion first and then the reaction with any oxidant in the post-CMP cleaning solution.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제83권4호
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• pp.289-294
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• 2020

Background: Line probe assay (LPA) is standard diagnostic tool to detect multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Non-interpretable (NI) results in LPA (complete missing or light wild-type 3 and 8 bands with no mutation band in rpoB gene region) poses a diagnostic challenge. Methods: Sputum samples obtained between October 2016 and July 2017 at the Intermediate Reference Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi, India were screened. Smear-positive and smear-negative culture-positive specimens were subjected to LPA Genotype MTBDRplus Ver 2.0. Smear-negative with culture-negative and culture contamination were excluded. LPA NI samples were subjected to phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) using MGIT-960 and sequencing. Results: A total of 1,614 sputum specimens were screened and 1,340 were included for the study (smear-positive [n=1,188] and smear-negative culture-positive [n=152]). LPA demonstrated 1,306 (97.5%) valid results with TUB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) band, 24 (1.8%) NI, three (0.2%) valid results without TUB band, and seven (0.5%) invalid results. Among the NI results, 22 isolates (91.7%) were found to be rifampicin (RIF) resistant and two (8.3%) were RIF sensitive in the pDST. Sequencing revealed that rpoB mutations were noted in all 22 cases with RIF resistance, whereas the remaining two cases had wild-type strains. Of the 22 cases with rpoB mutations, the most frequent mutation was S531W (n=10, 45.5%), followed by S531F (n=6, 27.2%), L530P (n=2, 9.1%), A532V (n=2, 9.1%), and L533P (n=2, 9.1%). Conclusion: The present study showed that the results of the Genotype MTBDRplus assay were NI in a small proportion of isolates. pDST and rpoB sequencing were useful in elucidating the cause and clinical meaning of the NI results.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

폴리카보네이트의 표면에 무기계 $SiO_2$ 박막을 바인더로 코팅한 후 광촉매 특성을 갖는 $TiO_2$ 박막을 추가로 형성하여 모재의 특성을 향상시키는 연구가 수행되었다. 바인더로 사용되는 $SiO_2$ 박막은 광투과 특성이 우수하며, 상압플라즈마처리를 통한 친수성의 증가로 $TiO_2$ 함유 수용액의 도포성을 향상시켜 균일한 박막을 형성시킬 수 있었다. 약 200 nm이상으로 코팅된 $TiO_2$ 박막은 180~400 nm의 자외선을 차단하여 폴리카보네이트의 황변현상을 억제하고 내열성을 크게 향상하는데 기여하였다. 최외층에 형성된 $TiO_2$ 박막은 자외선의 흡수로 활성화되는 표면산화특성으로 유기 오염물의 분해반응 촉진과 표면의 친수성의 증가에 따른 자기세정특성을 나타내었다. $TiO_2$ 박막과 폴리카보네이트 기재 사이에 $SiO_2$ 박막의 적용은 기재의 부식에 의한 코팅된 $TiO_2$ 층의 박리를 억제하여 구조 안정성을 유지할 수 있었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2007

Otter boards in the trawl are the one of essential equipments for the net mouth to be spread to the horizontal direction. Its performance should be considered in the light of the spreading force to the drag and the stability of towing in the water. Up to the present, studies of the otter boards have focused mainly on the drag and lift force, but not on the stability of otter boards movement in 3 dimensional space. In this study, the otter board is regarded as a rigid body, which has six degrees of freedom motion in three dimensional coordinate system. The forces acting on the otter boards are the underwater weight, the resistance of drag and spread forces and the tension on the warps and otter pendants. The equations of forces were derived and substituted into the governing equations of 6 degrees of freedom motion, then the second order of differential equations to the otter boards were established. For the stable numerical integration of this system, Backward Euler one of implicit methods was used. From the results of the numerical calculation, graphic simulation was carried out. The simulations were conducted for 3 types of otter boards having same area with different aspect ratio(${\lambda}=0.5,\;1.0,\;1.5$). The tested gear was mid-water trawl and the towing speed was 4k't. The length of warp was 350m and all conditions were same to each otter board. The results of this study are like this; First, the otter boards of ${\lambda}=1.0$ showed the longest spread distance, and the ${\lambda}=0.5$ showed the shorted spread distance. Second, the otter boards of ${\lambda}=1.0$ and 1.5 showed the upright at the towing speed of 4k't, but the one of ${\lambda}=0.5$ heeled outside. Third, the yawing angles of three otter boards were similar after 100 seconds with the small oscillation. Fourth, it was revealed that the net height and width are affected by the characteristics of otter boards such as the lift coefficient.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.616-619
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• 2009

절화장미 "레드참" 품종은 전라남도농업기술원에서 육성한 적색 스탠다드 품종으로 수세가 강하고 동계생산성이 높은 적색 "First Red"를 모본으로, 적색이며 화형이 예쁜 "Cardinal" 를 부본으로 하여 2003년에 인공교배하였다. 화형과 화색이 예쁘고 수량성이 우수하며 가시가 적은 1계통을 최종 선발하였다. 2007년부터 2008년까지 3회에 거쳐 특성 및 생산력검정을 실시하여 스탠다드 대형계 품종으로 화색이 적색이며 가시가 적고 흰가루병에 강한 특성을 가지고 있으며 꽃크기가 10.3 cm, 절화장이 70.7 cm, 절화수명이 9.8일로 수명이 길며 절화수량은 3회 검정결과 115.2본/$m^2$/년으로 대비품종 "레드벨벳"(105.8본/$m^2$/년)에 비해 8.9% 증대되었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2010

신나메이트기를 갖는 새로운 자기 경화형 감습성 고분자 및 고분자형 앵커제로 사용하기 위하여 [2-[(methacryloyloxy) ethyl]dimethyl]propyl ammonium bromide(MEPAB), methyl methacrylate(MMA), 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate(TMSPM) 및 2-(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl methacrylate(CEMA)의 공중합체들 을 합성하였다. 광가교성 공중합체들로서 MEPAB/MMA/TMSPM/CEMA＝70/20/0/10의 조성을 갖는 공중합체는 감습성 전해질 고분자로서, 그리고 50/0/20/30과 0/0/50/50 조성은 고분자형 부착제로 사용하였다. 이들 광가교형 고분자 실란커플링 처리제의 전극 표면과 부착 특성을 비교하기 위하여 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl cinnamate(TESPC)도 표면 부착을 위한 표면처리제로서 사용하였다. 표면처리제는 전극의 기재 표면 위에 공유결합을 통하여 광가교성 신나 메이트 박막을 형성시킬 수 있었으며 센서에 UV가 조사되었을 때 전해질 고분자가 [2$\pi$+2$\pi$] 환화반응을 이용한 가교반응으로 기재에 부착되었다. 이렇게 고분자 표면처리제 및 TESPC로 처리된 센서들은 24시간 물에 침적시켰을 때 60~85%의 저항 증가가 생겼으며 이것은 상대습도 변화로서 2.25~3.15%RH에 해당하였다. 또한, -0.2%RH 이하의 양호한 히스테리시스, 90초의 응답 및 회복속도, 그리고 80 $^{\circ}C$ 및 90%RH의 고온 고습에서 매우 좋은 신뢰성을 보여주었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 1987

무우, 배추, 토마토, 오이의 영양생장기(營養生長期)에 가스접촉(接觸) 실내(室內)에서 Ammonia가스를 (0.05, 0.10, $0.2mg/{\ell}$ 농도(濃度)) 주간(晝間)과 야간(夜間)에 각각(各各) 2시간(時間)씩 접촉(接觸)하여 잎의 피해엽율(被害葉率), 엽록소함량변화(葉綠素含量變化), 질소함량변화등(窒素含量變化等)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 가. Ammonia가스의 엽피해(葉被害)는 토마토가 가장 심(甚)하고 오이가 가장 경미(輕微)하며 주간(晝間)이 야간(夜間)보다 심(甚)하고 질소(窒素) 및 가리증시(加里增施)로 경감(輕減)하였다. 나. 토양수분(土壤水分)이 많을수록 가스피해(被害)가 심(甚)하고 그늘과 야간(夜間)에서 피해(被害)가 경미(輕微)하였다. 다. 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)은 가스농도(濃度)가 높을수록 많이 감소(減少)되었고, 야간접촉(夜間接觸)에서 감소(減少)가 적었다. 라. 엽중(葉中) 질소함량(窒素含量)은 가스농도(濃度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 증가(增加)되었고 주간(晝間)과 야간접촉(夜間接觸)이 유사(類似)하였다. 마. 엽중질소함량(葉中窒素含量)의 증가량(增加量)과 엽피해율(葉被害率)과는 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었다. 사. 엽피해율(葉被害率)이 큰 토마토가 가스 흡수량(吸收量)이 많았고 엽피해율(葉被害率)이 적은 오이는 가스 흡수량(吸收量)이 적었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity to environmental stress, and changes in the photosynthesis capacity in Abies koreana seedlings by age and to suggest the most effective age for restoration. To identify these physiological characteristics of A. koreana, the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic capacity of 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-year-old A. koreana seedlings were observed from June 2020 to June 2021. The maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm), a chlorophyll fluorescence measurement parameter, was strongly positively correlated with the monthly average temperature (1-year-old seedling: r=0.8779, 2-year-old seedling: r=0.8605, 3-year-old seedling: r=0.8697, 5-year-old seedlings: r=0.8085, and 6-year-old seedlings: r=0.8316). The Fv/Fm values were the lowest in winter (November 2020-March 2021). In addition, the Fv/Fm values of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings in winter were lower than that of 5- and 6-year-old seedlings, while the Fv/Fm values in summer were relatively higher than those in winter. Further, the Fv/Fm values of seedlings of all ages decreased in August 2020, when the monthly average temperature was the highest. In particular, 1-year-old to 3-year-old seedlings showed Fv/Fm values less than 0.8. Further, the photosynthetic capacity measured in August 2020 increased with increasing seedling age. The analysis of variance results for summer Fv/Fm values showed significant differences in age-specific averages (p<0.05), and Duncan's multiple range test showed significant differences between 5- and 6-year-old seedlings and 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings (p<0.05). These results suggested that the 5- and 6-year-old seedlings were less sensitive to environmental stress and showed better photosynthetic capacity than the 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings. Therefore, 5-year-old or older A. koreana seedlings can be used as restoration materials because they can show increased adaptability and stable growth during transplantation due to their relatively high environmental resistance and photosynthetic capacity.

• 한국연극학
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• 제48호
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• pp.421-446
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to shed light onto the historical significance and limitations of the Tsukiji Little Theater's modern performances. The Tsukiji Little Theater holds a position of great importance to the history of both Japanese and Korean modern theater. Some, however, are under the completely opposite impression. There are also mixed opinions about whether the Tsukiji Little Theater is a "model example" of the modern theatrical movement or a "bad example". Based on this controversy, we look into the definitive characteristics of the Tsukiji Little Theater based mostly on "the controversy over translated foreign plays", "the controversy of foreign plays versus original plays", "the value of kabuki" and "Shinpa as a rival". This paper looked into the differences in controversy over translated foreign plays in the Tsukiji Little Theater and the controversy in existing translated foreign plays. It mostly looks at the "casuistry of foreign plays" and the "cultural engineering theory of foreign plays"to get a grasp on the controversy surrounding existing translated foreign plays. Meanwhile, the "internally critical meaning" towards the original plays of renowned writers was strong in the controversy of foreign plays in the Tsukiji Little Theater. Kaoru Osanai defined the 1920s as a dark period, and persisted that because of the activity of the Shingeki movement, foreign plays were needed instead of low-level original plays. This study examines the characteristics of original plays and foreign plays publicly performed at the Tsukiji Little Theater to analyze the "controversy of translated foreign plays versus original plays". The Tsukiji Little Theater mostly put on shows with a strong sense of resistance or that defied the old times. This caused there to be a lot of emphasis put on the rebellious mindset towards old conventions and ideologies for most of the plays, both foreign and original, and the problem arises that little mind was paid to the integrity or beauty of the works. In looking at the "value of kabuki", this paper looked into Kaoru Osanai, who was deeply involved in kabuki actors. He evaluated traditional Japanese arts highly not because of the literary value of their scripts, but because he recognized the value of how they were performed. In order to create a new spectacle, music, dance and mime was taken in from countries around the world, and kabuki was regarded highly as a means of expression on stage. Finally, we also examine the recognized reasons for treating Shinpa as a rival. There is a relationship between these reasons and a complex about the audiences they drew. The Shinpa performances always had many spectators and were successful, but those at the Tsukiji Little Theater were so unpopular with the public that it was hard for them to financially run their theater group. The empty seats in their theater constantly made the modern intellectuals in the Shingeki movement feel inferior.