• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.105-115
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• 2016

PURPOSES : This study was initiated to analyze the characteristics of bus traffic accidents, by bus types, using the decision tree in order to establish customized safety alternatives by bus types, including the intra-city bus, rural area bus, and inter-city bus. METHODS : In this study, the major elements involved in bus traffic accidents were identified using decision trees and CHAID algorithm. The decision tree was used to identify the characteristics of major elements influencing bus traffic accidents. In addition, the CHAID algorithm was applied to branch the decision trees. RESULTS : The number of casualties and severe injuries are high in bus accidents involving pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, etc. In the case of light injury caused by bus accidents, different results are found. In the case of intra-city bus accidents, the probability of light injury is of 77.2% when boarding a non-owned car and breaching of duty to drive safely are involved. In the case of rural area bus accidents, the elements showing the highest probability of light injury are boarding an owned car, vehicle-to-vehicle accidents, and breaching of duty to drive safely. In the case of intra-city bus accidents, boarding owned car, streets, and vehicle-to-vehicle accidents work as the critical elements. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, the bus accident data were categorized by bus types, and then the influential elements were identified using decision trees. As a result, the characteristics of bus accidents were found to be different depending on bus types. The findings in this study are expected to be utilized in establishing effective alternatives to reduce bus accidents.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2000

The PIGE (Proton Induced Gamma ray Emission) method was applied for the measurement of light elements Li ~ K. A test measurement has been performed for geological, biological, environmental and material samples by using a standard sample for each element. The measurement was performed for the two proton energies of 2.4 and 3.4 MeV, and 3.4 MeV was found to yield better result for multielemental analysis. The result shows a fair agreement within 15% for all elements with standard values. The detection limits of Li, B, F and Na are less than 100 ppm, while those of the other elements are from a few hundred ppm to a few percents.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1996

An ERD-TOF system is constructed for the nondestructive depth profiling of light elements in thin films in the range of several thousand angstroms. The particles, recoiled by 10 $MeV^{35}Cl$ projectiles, were detected by a Time-Of-Flight spectrometer composed of a MCP (Micro Channel Plate) and a SSB (Silicon Surface Barrier) detector. A two parameter data acquisition system composed of two PC's was constructed for registering simultaneous time and energy signals. A $Si_3N_4$/poly-Si/$SiO_2$/Si sample was anlayzed and the result is compared with RBS. The detection limit, maximum probable depth and depth resolution for light elements in silicon are about $4\times10^{14}atoms/\textrm{cm}^2$, 5, 000$\AA$ and 100$\AA$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 1992

Allocation patterns of energy and mineral elements were investigated with phaseolus multiflorus grown in the environmental gradients. The result showed different energy allocation patterns according to relative light intensities and nutrients. The optimal switching time of energy allocation from vegetative to resproductive growth was delated as decreasing relative light intensity. The switch of the shift to reproduction was timed earlier in phosphorus treatment and delayed in nitrogen treatment. Analyzing the mineral elements to various organs, patterns of energy allocation were different from those of mineral allocation. There was no significant difference for allocation patterns in relative light intensity gradients. it was shown that n and p were distributed over the reproductive organs, k mainly in stems, ca in leaves and na in roots. mg was evenly distributed in each organs.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.22-30
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• 2010

Light has primary function to enlighten the darkness. However, as development and progresses in media has caused big change in our life, the range of usage and application of light is broadened. And these days, light is actively used as a communication tool in a space. This thesis is based on an idea that a new prospect of light is required and at the same time the theoretical foundation should be established to take active advantage of light. In Chapter two, analysis criteria are established to verify study hypothesis. The applied methodology is to analysis the contents based on literature review. Key words related light in space design are extracted and the frequency of those key words are quantitatively measured. Taking advantage of the result, the characteristics of light are divided into three categories, 'light as symbolic information', 'light as communication medium' and 'light as topological form'. In chapter three, analysis of cases is performed. The cases are selected based on space analyzing criteria established in Chapter two. Qualitative analysis is performed on the cases categorized into natural light and artificial light. Basic analysis elements are evaluated for each case. And each case is allocated to one of three categories, 'light as symbolic information', 'light as communication medium' and 'light as topological form'. Through this analysis, it is found that light in space has prevailing characteristics of 'light as symbolic information' and 'light as communication medium'.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2013

The use of light-gauge steel framing in low-rise commercial and industrial building construction has experienced a significant increase in recent years. In such construction, the wall framing is an assembly of cold-formed steel (CFS) studs held between top and bottom CFS tracks. Current construction methods utilize heavy hot-rolled steel sections, such as steel angles or hollow structural section tubes, to transfer the load from the end seats of the floor joist and/or from the load-bearing wall studs of the stories above to the supporting load-bearing wall below. The use of hot rolled steel elements results in significant increase in construction cost and time. Such heavy steel elements would be unnecessary if the concrete slab thickening on top of the CFS wall can be made to act compositely with the CFS track. Composite action can be achieved by attaching stand-off screws to the track and encapsulating the screw shank in the deck concrete. A series of experimental studies were performed on full-scale test specimens representing concrete/CFS flexural elements under gravity loads. The studies were designed to investigate the structural performance of concrete/CFS simple beams and concrete/CFS continuous headers. The results indicate that concrete/CFS composite flexural elements are feasible and their structural behavior can be modeled with reasonable accuracy.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2010

By the application of novel double detector system of micro-PIXE that can detect light elements (Z<14), we made an attempt to provide a thorough discussion on the aging processes of Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") particle by reaction with sea-slat. The elemental spectra and maps obtained from the microbeam radiation of micro-PIXE to individual AD particles were useful for fractionating AD particles into both internally and externally mixed particles. A spatial distribution of elements in a minute domain of single particle obtained by scanning the microbeam irradiation enabled us not only to estimate the chemical mixing state of individual AD particles but also to presume their aging processes in both ambient air and cloud. By calculating the normalized micro-PIXE net count of elements, it was possible to classify individual AD particles into three distinct groups (i.e., (1) Aging type 1: AD particle coated by the gaseous Cl evaporated by the reaction between artificial acids and sea salt; (2) Aging type 2: AD particle mixed with sea salt but no additional reaction with artificial acids; and (3) Non-aged type) A relatively high transformation rate (63.3-75.9%) was shown in large particles (greater than $5.1\;{\mu}m$ in diameter).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.87-97
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• 2000

The purposes of this study are to classify the male consumers in new generation by evaluating the fashion mania elements and to examine the differences among consumer groups in product attributes, benefits, dressing for self and others, and sensation seeking tendency. Fashion mania elements are compose of purchase frequency, the storage of clothes, the affection toward clothes and fashion knowledge. Data were obtained from 492 adult male living in Seoul and Kyunggi Do. Statistics used for data analysis were frequency, means, one-way Anova, Duncan's multiple range test, factor analysis, cluster analysis using Spss 9.0. The results can be summarized as follows: There consumer groups are identified based on the fashion mania elements: fashion mania, fashion interests, non-fashion mania. The fashion mania group has positive fashion behavior and high fashion attitude, the fashion interests group has high fashion attitude and light fashion behavior, non fashion mania group has light fashion attitude and behavior. Fashion mania group regard intrinsic attributes very highly in order to express individuality, shows the tendency to dress for self strongly rather than to dress for others. And fashion mania group shows a high sensation seeking tendency compared with the remaining groups.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 2014

In this paper, we introduce a new passive transponder that operates without external power in a visible light identification system. The transponder consists of a solar cell, a photodiode, a microprocessor, and a visible LED. When a reader sends light to the transponder, the solar cell generates current from the reader light and supplies power to the other elements in the transponder. At the same time, the photodiode detects the pulse in the reader light and initiates a microprocessor to generate and send a responding light to the reader. In experiments, we realized a passive transponder using a solar cell that operated at a distance of 1m without external power.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.125-130
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• 2010

Sipping measurements were implemented at the Open Pool Australian Light water reactor (OPAL) to test for failure in reactor fuel elements. Fission product released by the fuel element into the pool water was measured using both High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detection via samples and a NaI(Tl) detection in-situ with the sipping device. Results from two fuel elements are presented.