• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2013

The disappearance of seaweed flora in some rocky areas, which is known as algal whitening, barren ground, coralline flats, or deforested areas, is associated with some species of coralline algae. To determine the biological characteristics of a representative species of crustose coralline alga, the 18S rDNA gene was sequenced to identify the genus Lithophyllum. According to its morphological and distributional characteristics, it was deduced to be L. yessoense. Viability was measured using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and showed high viability from December to February. Culture conditions of $16^{\circ}C$, a 16 hr light, 8 hr dark cycle, and 30 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$ light intensity were optimal for maintaining the viability of the alga for up to five days. Included in the fatty acids was 9.7% ${\omega}$-3 eicosapentaenoic acid. An electron microscopy scan of the surface structure revealed round craters about 3.6 ${\mu}m$ in diameter, which were covered with rough, irregular, and angular polygon-shaped structures about 1.0 to 3.7 ${\mu}m$ in size. Based on the composition and structure found in our study, biomimetic coralline alga might become an environmentally friendly antifouling material against the attachment of soft foulants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.22
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• pp.159-176
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• 1994

This study's purpose is to find the ancient costume of the folk song's words on Dunhuang manuscripts in the background wass-carvings sculptures and several art works. Dunhuang had played the part of major route between ancient China and Europe. It is located on kam-suksong the west of China. 1. In the aspect of costume arrangement hair Styling is represented by Naegagyo, Wangyesa, Kyongburak, Bonkwyun, Pogurak, Chonsonja, Namgaja, Tongson-ga, Ojesa, Chanboja in Dunhuang manuscripts. tugue is sim-ilar to Sabyokkwanja in Naegagyo as of that time these kinds of Kwan-ja was very popular. It was told that emperor's wife concubine and maid of honor would wear kwnaja favorably. And the kinds of Tugeu is PuyongKwyunkye, Aangunkye, Chunkye from Kyuwanjon except Sangunkye, Ounkye in Dunhuangsa. 2. Jangdaegy is guoted from Kyuw-anjon -A series of the chinese history book-tells us about women's make-up . The narmes of make-up are Hongjang Unjan--g, Yiljang chwejang, Tam-ajang Murgjang, Sanagjang, Light-make up are referred in Naegagyo is included as packjang Besides we can find other make-up skills Huphwaro and Rujang from the Kaewonch onbon-wisa which was Yangkwibi's episodes. We can find the a corpus of song's words about cosmetic custom in Kor-ea. Which is 'Haecho' folk song in the souther-en costal regions 'Jinggum' folk song in Kim-hae regions and so on.... It's words is similar to Dunhuangsa in China. 3. Bichun inherited to China with India Bud-dism art in the middle of Dunhuang wall-pain-tings is one of the important Buddist saint. Sometimes it is painted with Giakchun Its arms of fly-dnacing in heaven with colored belt on body has almost the form of play on the musical instrument, We can see seasily the form in the painting of Buddist ser-mon. It was progressed and changed with the background of chinese traditional culture. When Dang's period came the color was chan-ged lighting dark blue has rhythmical and viv-id power of life. 4. Among the corpus of song's words which express the singers' system and rites of their tradition or habits. Dunhuang manuscripts des-cribes on behalf of the folk song's words in tra-ditional costume. This is following: (1) Naegagyo o sabyokwanja o Chyrasam o Rashang (2) Wangyesa o Sokryugun o Costume for fisher man (3) Bungajang of the chanboja o Ajang (4) Pongkwyun o Chongui (5) Tongsongs o Junofore (6) Namgaja o thin-Rasam (7) Yuchungnang o Hongsam o Sokryugun : The color of red costume (8) Kyongburak o Hongrasam o Sokryugun : Costume for charming woman Therefore traditional costume could be extracted according to the Dunhuang folk song's words out of culture such as learning rit-es three-obedience four-virtues and in-struction. As the same time it reflects ancient China's characteristics directly. I would endeavor to development for the history of the costume furher creative design and participat-ed in research activity with concerns forward continuously.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1994

Attempts were made to regenerate plants from petiole explane of Forest Pimpinella barchycarpa via repetitive somatic embryogenesis. Effective induction of somatic emb교ogenesis was achieved on both MS and modified $B_{5}\;(mB_{5})$ media containing BA + 2,4-D or BA + 2,4-D + NAA under light condition (16-h photoperiod/day) cultures. The explants exposed to the ligt produced numerous somatic embryos while those kept under the dark did not form any on the same medium. Somatic embryos at different developmental stages were observed to arise within a individual explants. Plantlets could be regenerated on $mB_{5}$ basal medium or $mB_{5}$ containing 0.1 mg/L NAA Secondary adventive embryos were formed on the surface of the somatic embryos. Therefore, repetitive somatic embryogenesis could be achieved by secondary embryogenesis. Although the treatment of 2,4-D or NAA alone was effective in callus formation and growth, but not in induction of somatic embryogenesis. Some explants, cultured on NAA-containing media in darkness, produced only adventive roots. The embryogenic potential was maintained for two years when subcultured to BA and 2,4-D containing media with 5 weeks inteval. Regenerated plantlets were maintained on $mB_{5}$ or MS basal media for 4 to 6 more weeks and transferred to soil of an artificial mixture for acclimation. Most plantlets (more than 97%) survived, and grew without any deformity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2008

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. High salt concentrations in the ginseng nursery soil environment of Korea is one of important reducing factors for the stable production of quality ginseng. These studies were accomplished to identify the growth rate and production of ginsenoside from ginseng hairy root against NaCI. In the MS liquid culture, the highest contents and productivity of ginsenosides were appeared at 4 week after onset of the treatment of 0.1 M NaCI. And 0.24 M NaCI was more effective on the growth of ginseng hairy root under light condition than dark condition. Plants generally produce secondary metabolites in nature as a defense mechanism against pathogenic and insect attack. In this study, NaCI acts as a kind of stress as well as elicitor for production of ginsenosides.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is one of the most widely cultivated and important edible mushrooms in the world. In order to study the developmental process of P. ostreatus and its regulatory mechanism, a new culturing method needs to be established for inducing the fruiting body and sporulation in the laboratory. In this study, we have examined whether the fruiting body of P. ostreatus can be formed on the plastic petri dish which are commonly used for cell culture in the laboratory. The strain was cultured on $60{\times}15mm$ plastic petri dish with potato dextrose agar media at $28^{\circ}C$ for mycelial growth and then at $18^{\circ}C$ for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies within plant growth chamber. The development of primordia into fruiting bodies was achieved on cultured dishes under air ventilation. At the primordia stage, the normal formation of fruiting body was blocked by sealing the plastic dish with parafilm. The periods requiring for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies were examined on the dish culture. About 96% and 76% of cultured samples formed primordia and fruiting bodies under the optimal conditions during ten weeks of culture, respectively. These culturing periods, however, were changed by the mechanical injury treatment to mycelia. As other factors affecting the fruiting body formation, the effects of light and cold shock have been tested. No fruiting formation was observed on the cultured dishes under the dark. The cold shock treatment by storing cultured dishes for one day at $4^{\circ}C$ did not have any significant effects in the fruiting body formation. Spores of fruiting bodies acquired from the petri dishes could be germinated on culture media at $28^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can be formed on the experimental petri dish and this dish-culturing method is useful for understanding of the developmental process of P. ostreatus in the laboratory. Furthermore, the dish-culturing method is able to shorten the life cycle of P. ostreatus without requiring large area and expensive device.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 1986

Each of 48 monoconidial isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. obtained from diseased fruits of pepper was classified into strain G or strain R based upon pathogenicity to green and red fruits, morphology of conidia, and cultural characteristics in potato dextrose agar. The strain G was designated for isolates to cause anthracnose symptoms both on green and red fruits. All isolates of the strain G produced conidia abundantly. but produced no perithecia and setae in PDA. Conidia of all isolates in the strain G were attenuated or round at one end. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of strain G was $26-28^{\circ}C$. The mycelia of strain G in PDA appeared to be whitish when young, and turned to be dark in old culture. Symptoms on pepper fruits caused by the strain G were somewhat sunken to be circular to elliptical lesions. Yellowish conidial masse were observed at the center of lesions, and the lesions turned to irregular shape and to reddish brown color in the later stage of disease development. No setae were visible on the acervuli. The strain R was designated for isolates to cause anthracnose symptoms only on red fruits of pepper. All isolates of the strain R produce conidia, and perithecia of Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & v. Sch. in PDA. Some isolates of the strain R produced setae in culture under fluorescent light. Conidia of all isolates in the strain R were round and blunt at the ends. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of strain R was the same as that of strain G. The mycelial growth of strain R was faster than that of strain G in PDA. The mycelia of strain R in PDA appeared to be gray to dark. Symptoms on pepper fruits caused by the strain R were circular to irregular black ring-spots Short setae or no setae were visible on the acervuli.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2000

Life table experiments were performed in order to examine the effects of food quality on Moina macrocopa fed with four kinds of algal foods, Botryococcus sp., Scenedesmus subspicatus, Selenastrum capricornutum, and Chlorella sp., at $20^{\circ}C$ . The temperature effects on M. macrocopa were also assessed, feeding Chlorella at $17^{\circ}C$,$20^{\circ}C$,$25^{\circ}C$, and a combination of $28^{\circ}C$ (light) and $25^{\circ}C$ (dark). The cartilaginous Botryococcs cells were Inappropriate food for Moina. Among the foods tested, Chlorella was the food of the best quality in all accounts of life history traits. Moina grown on Chlorella showed higher net reproductive rate ($R_0$), longer mean and maximum longevities, earlier mean age at maturity, longer mean carapace length at maturity, larger mean clutch size, and shorter mean time interval between clutch productions than those grown on Selenastrum and Scenedesmus. An optimal temperature for Moina was $20^{\circ}C$ . When Moina were grown on Chlorella at $20^{\circ}C$, they showed the highest r, the highest $R_0$, the shortest T, the longest mean longevity, the earliest mean age at maturity, the longest mean carapace length at maturity, and the largest mean clutch size. The results of life table experiments showed that the individual and population growth patterns were much more affected by low temperature $17^{\circ}C$, than by high temperature ($\geq 20^{\circ}C$). In the optimal condition, the r value was very high, 5.1 in $d^{-1}$. In conclusion, the food quality and the temperature are the most important factors to govern the size and continuity of Moina population, by which the individual growth rates and reproductivity of members in the population can be controlled to survive in their environment such as small and temporary water bodies in nature.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.39
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• pp.241-286
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• 2015

This study explores how folktales' motifs are used in diverse cultural contents such as literature, movies, or comics. More precisely, it is concerned with mysterious characters like Babayaga and Koshchei who appear in Russian fairytales. When the motifs of the reviewed literature are analyzed, the following three criteria are used for classification: New Writing, Rewriting, and New Version. Or course, it is New Writing that is far from the original work. Most of the collected works, including Joan Aiken's The Kingdom Under the Sea, Patricia Polacco's Babushka's Doll, Babushka Baba Yaga, and Tai?-Marc Le Thanh's BABAYAGA, belong to New Writing. The New Writing type mainly focuses on Babayaga's secluded life. In fairytales, Babayaga is depicted as the goddess of Mother Earth, the heroine of the Nature, or the ruler of the Animal Kingdom. That is why she lives in the deep and uninhabited wood. She is related to the Coming of Age ceremony. Her 'Hut on hen's legs' is an obstacle for immature protagonists to face before they come of age. Protagonists are supposed to solve the problems posed by Babayaga. If they succeed, they can get her magical help so as to complete their final mission. Babayaga is likely to appear as their antagonist. Protagonist may be subjected to a terrible ordeal created by Babayaga, and then come of age by recovering from that ordeal. Sometimes, Babayaga helps protagonists to get a grip on reality. That is why she lives in a hut in the deep and dark forest which is on the borderline between life and death. On the other hand, Marianna Mayer's Baba Yaga and Vasilisa the Brave has been classified as a controversial work between New Writing and Rewriting. It is apparently closer to New Version. However, it cannot be classified as a work of New Version because the author incorporates 'probability' into her work. Among the reviewed works, it is Korean Writer Rye, Kami's The Spider Woman's House that best reflects the essence of Babayaga. Babayaga and other characters are amusing in movies because most of the movies are animations for children. In one sense, it is positive that the scary characters in folktales are approachable to children. In other sense, however, it is regrettable that symbolic motifs are completely eliminated. In Mike Mignola's Hellboy, Japanese animations such as Index or Narutaru, on-line games such as Cabal or Vampire: The masquerade, the essence of the supernatural characters in folktales is completely eliminated, and only their 'belligerent power' stands out. It is desirable to put stories into perspective whether they are written or told. The literature property of folktales provides a special opportunity to readers. In this light, a variety of motifs have a good reason to be reborn as modern cultural contents. The bottom line is to maintain its true nature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2011

In the modern urban landscape design, historical and cultural factors are drawing more and more attention in addition to the factor of beauty. To evaluate an urban landscape design, it's quite important to explore the history and culture background of the city. Color of a city reflects the city characteristics and shows the city image. Color planning has become an important part of city landscape design nowadays. A harmonious landscape cannot be without a unified color planning. The color planning should take not only the integrity but also the regionality into consideration. Color planning has a profound impact on public life. This paper studies on streetscape color of two famous places which are Seoul Insa-dong and Shanghai Xintiandi. According to the empirical and comparative study, this paper will give on-site assessment and comprehensive evaluation. Furthermore, this paper will indicate the differences and similarities of the traditional Streetscape of South Korea and China, using the color theories of Korea Image Resource Institute. This survey results will be helpful to the urban landscape color planning.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2000

In order to induce the mutants of Gentiana axillariflora Leveille, nodes were cultured on Schenk and Hilderbrandt (SH) medium containing TDZ 2 mg/L, BAP 2mg/L, GA3 0.5 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L NAA and each mutagen of ethylmethanesulfate (EMS), colchicine, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), and sodium azide (NaN$_3$) through filtration. Comparision of morphological characteristics and survival rate in each mutant plants differed depending on mutagen sources and their concentrations. When EMS were treated on nodes, the regenerated plants was thin and albino, regenerated shoots appeared 'erectoides type' and get twisted. The case of colchicine were treated on nodes, the survival rate was from 84% to 97% at ail concentration after 30days but the rate of survival was decreased about 50% at 200 $\mu$M after 60days. The treatment of NaN$_3$200 $\mu$M was not survived. The survival rate was extremely decreased in MNU treatment at 500$\mu$M, according to concentrations two types of leaf characteristic were obtained. Type I of leaf characteristic was modified from oblanceolate to oboid at leaf shape and type II of leaf characteristic was modified from light green to dark violet at leaf color. RAPD analysis was carried out to check the genetic modification of regenerated plants by mutagen treatments. Three polymorphic DNA fragments out of thirty-seven obtained by RAPDs were observed in regenerated plants using 5 decamer primers.