• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

We examined seedlings of two species (Ilex rotunda and Illicium anisatum) which have a different level of shade tolerance and raised them under different light regimes (full sunlight and 50% shading). After 12 months, we investigated chlorophyll content (Chl. a, Chl. b and Chl. a+b), photosynthetic systems (photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, dark respiration rate and quantum yield), intercellular $CO_2$ concentration and water use efficiency to show acclimation reaction to different light conditions. Seedlings grown under full sunlight showed lower chlorophyll content than those in the shading regime. There was a significant difference between the full sunlight and shade treatments in I. anisatum (shade tolerance species). I. rotunda (intermediate species) showed high photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency over PPFD $1000\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ to full sunlight. Also, I. anisatum grown under full sunlight showed lower photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency over a range of all PPFD. This result showed that I. rotunda has a more flexible reaction system than that of I. anisatum.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.493-506
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• 2002

Recently as the esthetic concerns about dental prosthesis have been increased, the nonmetallic post and core systems have been introduced clinically to improve the color and the low optical transmittance of conventional casting metal post and core systems. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the optical transmittance and the shade changes of all-ceramic crowns with two nonmetallic post and core systems. The experimental groups were classified as follows : Total 27 specimens(9 samples in each group) were evaluated. Group I : Natural teeth as a control group Group II : CosmoPost and $Empress^{(R)}$ core (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein) Group III : $LIGHT-POST^{TM}$ and $LIGHT-CORE^{TM}$ (Bisco, U.S.A.) In all group, all-ceramic crowns were fabricated with the same shade of IPS $Empress^{(R)}$ II (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein) after abutment preparation, and then two kinds of spectrophotometers, UV 3101 PC (Shimadzu, Japan) and CM 503i (Minolta Co. Ltd. Japan), were used to measure the optical transmittance and the color value. The following results were obtained : 1. The optical transmittance of each group without all-ceramic crowns, was siginificantly decreased in order of Group III, I and II (p<0.05). 2. The optical transmittance of each group with all-ceramic crowns cemented, were siginificantly decreased in order of Group I, II and III (p<0.05). 3. In comparison with the shade of all-ceramic crowns, there were no significant differences between groups regardless of the cementation. 4. In comparison with the shade changes in each group after the cementation of all-ceramic crowns, there were no significant differences between groups. From the above results, it is thought that the selection among materials used in this study doesn't influence greatly the esthetic restoration, because the differences of optical transmittance were so small that those were clinically insignificant.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1993

This studies were conducted to investigate on the shade adaptation of native Sedum kamchaticum and Disporum smilacinum. All plants were grow under the controlled light intensity conditions, which controlled by two shading materials, white and/or black shading net. The results obtained were as follow. 1. Daily changes of the shading area around of the building were various by building height, width and direction. 2. Upper canopy was composed to Pinus densiflora as dominant species in native sites of Disporum species. 3. Many branches of Disporum smilacinum were sprouted after pinching. However their growth were less elongated shorter than those of Disporum viridescens. 4. Sedum sarmentosum was poor growth under the low relative light intensity as 50%, however, the growth of this species closely was similiar as under the full sun condition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.188-192
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• 2005

To seek for proper regeneration methods with under-planting, Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents of three broad-leaved species seedlings, Kalopanax pictum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Cornus controversa, were measured and compared between growing sites, below the canopy of Larix kaemferi and open land in the forest. Nursery stocks was planted in open nurs- ery in the forest in late April, 1997, and under-planting below the canopy of Larix kaemferi was conducted in late April, 1998. This experiment examined the relationships between shade-tolerance and physiological response to different light environment by tree species. To adapt the shade environment, leaves of Kalopanax pictum might be increased the more chlorophyll con- tents and photosynthetic ability than other species. From these results, shade-tolerance of the tree might be ordered Kalopanax pictum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Cornus controversa.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.370-372
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• 2017

Three greenhouse experiments with American ginseng seedlings growing under light levels from 4.8% to 68% showed a quadratic response for root dry weight, giving an optimal root dry weight of 239 mg (range 160-415 mg) at an optimal light level of 35.6% (range 30.6-43.2%).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.147-150
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• 1990

Different species with similar niches can coexist in the same community if disturbances prevent compeptitive exclusion of competitively inferior species. Disturbances which open up gaps are common in all kind of community. Even in virgin forests without any artificial disturbance, there exist a significant proportion of trees of early successional shade-in-tolerant species in addition to the dominant late successional shade-tolerant species. In forest ecosystems, most canopy tree species including shade-tolerant ones require one or more gaps in their life-time to reach the canopy. Because of these frequent disturbances, forests can be considered of dynamic mosaics of patches of different ages and with different species composition which are in certain stages of recovery from disturbances. Disturbances temporarily increase the availability of resources such as light, water and soil nutrient for other in dividuals through the death of one or more canopy trees.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.27.1-27.9
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of the thickness and shade of 3 types of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 specimens of 2 shades (A1 and A3) and 2 thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) were fabricated using VITA Mark II (VM; VITA Zahnfabrik), IPS e.max CAD (IE; IvoclarVivadent), and VITA Suprinity (VS; VITA Zahnfabrik) (n = 10 per subgroup). The amount of light transmission through the ceramic specimens was measured by a radiometer (Optilux, Kerr). Light-cured resin cement samples (Choice 2, Bisco) were fabricated in a Teflon mold and activated through the various ceramics with different shades and thicknesses using an LED unit (Bluephase, IvoclarVivadent). In the control group, the resin cement sample was directly light-cured without any ceramic. Vickers microhardness indentations were made on the resin surfaces (KoopaPazhoohesh) after 24 hours of dark storage in a $37^{\circ}C$ incubator. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post hoc test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Ceramic thickness and shade had significant effects on light transmission and the microhardness of all specimens (p < 0.05). The mean values of light transmittance and microhardness of the resin cement in the VM group were significantly higher than those observed in the IE and VS groups. The lowest microhardness was observed in the VS group, due to the lowest level of light transmission (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Greater thickness and darker shades of the 3 types of CAD/CAM ceramics significantly decreased the microhardness of the underlying resin cement.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 1989

Ginseng plants in the 2nd year were grown under the shade (90-95%) of colored cellophane films at $15^{\circ}C$ in a natural light phytotron. Relative root grown (final/initial) was in decreasing order of blue, green, white, yellow and red. The growth of aerial part, especially stem length was poorest in blue light with relative root growth negatively correlated with stem length. In this relation each color showed specific domain. Stem length showed positive linear correlation with leaf area per plant in each and among light though it was not significant in red light. The content and ratio of chlorophyll a and b in leaf were in the decreasing order of White, Blue, Green, Red and Yellow. There is positive correlation between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and between total chlorophyll and chl:a/b ratio. Blue color shade is expected to be beneficial for ginseng production.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.196-202
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• 2008

Effective climate protection is a most important tasks of our time. The BIPV is one of the most interesting and promisingly possibilities of an active use of solar energy at the building. In this study it was analyzed by the case study the function of the requirement of the BIPV-module as building material and this architectural characteristic according to the kind of the module. Therefore the goal of this study is to get securing the application information of BIPV as windowpane. BIPV modules are manufactured in the form of G/G. In the case of the crystal type the Transparent and the light Transmission is to be adjusted by the spacer attitude of the cell. Although this type could not be optimal for light effect of indoors because of the inequality of shade, the moving shade play makes a dramatic Roomimage by the run of sun. The application of this type would be for canopy, window or roof in the corridor or resounds. With amorphous the type it is to be manufactured simply largely laminar, and thus that will shorten building process. There is a relatively good economy to use and to the window system easily. After the production technology is easy the transparency of the modules to adjust, and the module shows to a high degree constant characteristics of light permeability and transparency. Without mottle of module shade is good the use for the window or roof glazing of office, library, classroom, etc. to adapt. The BIPV modules took generally speaking a function as building material to the daylight use, shading, isolation and also to the sight. That means that BIPV modules have as multifunctional system to sustainable architecture good successes and they are at the same time as Design element for architecture effectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.11
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substrate color and interface distance on the color adjustment of 2 single-shade composites, Vittra APS Unique and Charisma Diamond One. Materials and Methods: Dual disc-shaped specimens were created using Vittra APS Unique or Charisma Diamond One as the center composite, surrounded by shaded composites (A1 or A3). Color measurements were taken with a spectrophotometer against a gray background, recording the color coordinates in the CIELAB color space. Illumination with a light-correcting device and image acquisition using a polarizing filter-equipped cell phone were performed on specimens over the same background. Image processing software was used to measure the color coordinates in the center and periphery of the inner composite and in the outer composite. The color data were then converted to CIELAB coordinates and adjusted using data from the spectrophotometer. Color differences (ΔE₀₀) between the center/periphery of single-shade and outer composites were calculated, along with color changes in single-shade composites caused by different outer composites. Color differences for the inner composites surrounded by A1 and A3 were also calculated. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: The results showed that color discrepancies were lowest near the interface and when the outer composite was whiter (A1). Additionally, Charisma Diamond One exhibited better color adjustment ability than Vittra APS Unique. Conclusions: Color discrepancies between the investigated single-shade composites diminished towards the interface with the surrounding composite, particularly when the latter exhibited a lighter shade.