• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.462-469
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• 2021

Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi & Zoll. is a rare evergreen shrub that occurs in west Gotjawal, Jeju island, Korea. This study was conducted to investigate effects of an artificial shading on flowering and growth characteristics of M. japonica seedlings. The level of shading had been set to be 35%, 55% and 75% using shading net. The stage of flowering and flowering ratio, seedling height, the number of leaves and stems, leaf area were measured. Flowering timings were delayed by shading. The number of flowering seedlings per plot and inflorescences per seedling were the most in 55% shading level. Tendency of decreased seedling height with increased shading level was shown. The number of leaves and stems were the fewest values in 75% shading level. The increased biomass with decreased shading level was statistically significant. Aboveground and underground biomass were 2.1 and 1.7 times higher in shading 35% than in shading 75%, respectively. Meanwhile, all seedlings in non-shading plots were dead in winter. Such might be speculated as results of the light stress. As a result, we conclude that M. japonica vitally demands the shading for growth and the optimal shading levels for growth and flowering are 35% and 55%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2007

This study focused on the properties natural dyeing and natural material and on the development of functional material for well-being in apparel industry. Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini is used as natural dyeing material which had been reported that have curable effect for unbalanced immunity, geriatric diseases like urinary tract system, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, tinnitus, hyperhidrosis and women's diseases like hypermenorrhea. And this material also has anti-cancer effect so that can restraint cancer cells. 3 kinds tester of cotton, wool and silk are dyed by boiled with each dye (flower, fruits, bark of tree) as first dyeing and dried in the shade. These testers are done by post-mordanting method. Aluminium Potassium(Alk(SO4)2), Cuprie Sulfate($CuSO4{\cdot}5H2O$), Stannous Chloride($SnCl2{\cdot}2H2O$), Ferrous Sulfate($FeCl2{\cdot}4H2O$), Titanium Sulfate 24% aqueous solution(Ti(SO4)2) are used as mordants. Dyeing results of Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini flower and bark are shown as yellow color series. And dyeing result of fruits is pink color series. Silk shows the best dyeing property. As the point of view for dyeing property, Ti, Sn, Fe would be the properchoice for mordant. Following results are extracted in this study. Yellow color is resulted in dyeing with Cornus officinalis flower as non-mordanting condition. Yellowish red color is come from dyeing with Comus officinalis fruit as non-mordanting condition. Grayish yellow tone is resulted in dyeing with bark as non-mordanting condition. Orange tone color with Ti-mordanting, green tone color with Sn-mordanting and gray tone color with Fe-mordanting is resulted respectively. However light-fastness of Comus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is very low as 1 or 2 level in non-mordanting condition, Comus officinalis flower dyeing is turned out 3 or 4 level and fruit dyeing is 4 or 5 level, bark dyeing is 2 or 3 level with Ti-mordanting respectively. Eventually Comus officinalis fruit has the best light-colorfastness property among all of dyes. dry cleaning colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, perspiration-colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, With these results, this study could conclude that dye-ability, colorfastness problem is getting better after mordanting process and practical usage would be possible.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1992

This study was designed to estimate on the interaction of the first productivity, light condition and to examine the ecophysiological 'characteristics of Zoysia japonica. Artificial community of Zoysia japonica was analyzed effect of matter production and growth construction under various shading condition. The results summarized this experiment were as follows ; 1. The relative growth rate(RGR) in all experimental plots was high during the growth stage of 20 days after transplanting and then tend to decrease. RGR value in severe shading or short day condition was remarkably decreased from the early growth stage. 2. The net assimilation rate(NAR) was high during the early growth stage after transplanting. and then decreased the growth proceeded. NAR value in the severe shading or short day condition plots was low. 3. The increasing rate of leaf ared ratio(LAR) was high during the early growth stage after transplanting in the control plot and 30% shading plot, but it appeared to be high 40 days after transplanting in the 50% and 70% shading plot. LAR was appeared to be negative correlation against RGR and NAR. 4. The crop growth rate(CGR) in each experimental plot was increased until 50 days after transplanting, and then decreased. After that time, the maximum CGR value appeared in the control plot(1.56g /g, 10days), 60days after transplanting. CGR had positive correlation with LAI. The optimum LAI in the control, 30%, 50%, and 70% shading plots was appeared as 2.10, 1.75, 1.25, and 0.90.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2011

Proper light intensity, potting media, fertilization level, and shade tolerance were investigated to develop Orostachys (Korean name, Nungyu bawisol) as a potted ornamental plant. The best plant growth was shown at 52% shading. Although plant growth decreased at 82% shading, ornamental value maintained at that shading rate, which indicate that O. 'Nungyu bawisol' has high shading tolerance. At over 90% shading, some of the plants died and showed decolorization and standing erect in leaves, resulting in a big decrease in ornamental value. Potting medium of decomposed granite (DG) : fertilizer-amended media (FAM) : river sand (RS) (6 : 2 : 2, v/v/v) showed the best growth in potted O. 'Nungyu bawisol'. Fresh weight of shoot part was 16 g in DG : FAM : RS (6 : 2 : 2, v/v/v), which was over 2 folds of those at the other medium. Drenching of Hyponex solution diluted by 1,000~2,000 folds 1 time per week brought the highest results in fresh weight, plant width, and runner number. Particularly, fresh weight of shoot part was 13 g higher than that of control (16 g). Leaf color tended to be darkened as concentration of Hyponex solution increased.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.358-373
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• 1997

Resin modified glass ionomers were introduced in 1988 to overcome the problems of moisture sensitivity and low early mechanical strength of conventional glass ionomers and to maintain their clinical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of four resin modified glass ionomers(Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Dyract and VariGlass), one resin composite material(Z-100), and one conventional glass ionomer(GC Fuji II) under several conditions. These conditions were as follows: 1) before curing, 2) after curing, 3) after polishing, 4) after 500 thermocycling, 5) after 1,000 thermocycling, 6) after 1,500 thermocycling and 7) after 2,000 thermocycling. Three specimens of each material/shade combination were made. Materials were condensed into metal mold with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2.0 mm, and were pressed between glass plates. The material was polymerized using a light polymerizing unit(Visilux II, 3M, USA). After removal of excess, the surface was polished sequentially on wet sandpapers. A reflection spectrophotometer(Model TC-6FX, Tokyo Denshoku Co., Japan) was used to determine CIELAB coordinates($L^*,a^*$ and $b^*$) of each specimen. CIE standard illumination C was used as the light source. The results were as follows : 1. In comparing different shades of same material, CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) value was not significantly different from each other(p>0.05). 2. CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) values between after-curing and after-polishing were ranged from 5.53 to 27.08. These values were higher than those of other condition combinations. 3. CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) values between before-thermocycling and after-thermocycling were ranged from 1.40 to 7.81. Despite the number of thermocycling increased, CIELAB color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) value was low. 4. The color stability of resin modified glass ionomers was more stable than that of conventional glass ionomers but less stable than that of Z100.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1992

The occurrence of internal cavity of in red ginseng is one of critical quality criteria. The occurrence of internal cavity mainly due to fresh ginseng character that is determined by growth conditions. Growth conditions and percent occurrence of internal cavity were investigated on various ginseng plantations for 6 years and the relation. ships among them were statistically analysed. In addition, field experiments were carried out seperately for the effect of special factors. 1. Internal cavity in red ginseng mainly occurred on area between central part and cortex part of tap root in red ginseng. It was suppose to be caused by characteristics of fresh ginseng. 2. Soil moisture decreased percent occurrence of internal cavity(PIC) above 27.5 % of PIC and increased below it. 3. The factors of shade structure with high intensity of light condition tend to increase PIC. PIC was decreased below 15.9 % of light transmittance rate and increased above it.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2014

Ageratina altissima is an invasive plant species known to threaten native plant communities in Korea. A. altissima is thought to invade shady forests from disturbed open areas; however, uncertainty remains as to how shade and litter depth might affect establishment. A study of A. altissima distribution characteristics in areas adjacent to trails was undertaken at Mt. Umyeon in Seoul, Korea. Increasing densities of A. altissima were found to correlate with greater light availability and decreasing litter depth (p < 0.001) within 10 m distance from trail locations and on ridges rather than further within forests and valleys. The effects of soil moisture content, soil gravel content and soil pH on distribution were not found to be significant, suggesting that A. altissima is adaptable to a broad range of soil conditions. Results indicate that forest areas close to trails may be particularly susceptible place to A. altissima invasion, demonstrating the need to carefully consider implications for A. altissima expansion in trail management.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.147-155
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of phosphoric acid concentration on the movement of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate(HEMA) from bonding resin - resin composite combination through dentin in vitro. Freshly extracted human third molar teeth were divided into four groups each of 10 teeth. A closed chamber with 1 ml distilled water was attached to the CEJ of each tooth. An occlusal cavity of 4mm diameter & remaining dentin thickness of 1.0-1.5mm was prepared in each tooth. Dentin was treated with 10% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds. 32% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds, or with 35% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds. A control group not treated with acid gel was also prepared. The cavities were rinsed, dried and then treated with the HEMA-containing All-Bond 2 primer & bonding resin which was light-cured for 10 seconds. The cavities were then restored with Z100 composite resin(shade:A3.5:3M Dent. Prod. USA) & light cured for 30 seconds. Water samples were retrieved from the chambers over a time course (4.32, 14.4, 43.2, 144 & 432 minutes ; 1, 3 & 10 days) and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results were as follows. 1. HEMA was detected in the pulp chambers of all teeth from 4.32 minutes after resin placement The highest rate of release was in the first sample period (0-4.32 min) & rate of release declined exponentially thereafter. 2. No significant differences were found for mean release rate for HEMA over a time course among the four groups (p>0.05). 3. The diffusion rate was significantly (p<0.05) less for 10% phosphoric acid gel than 32% phosphoric acid gel at the second sample period(4.32-14.4 min). 4. No significant differences were found for cumulative HEMA diffusion among the four groups at 10 days(p>0.05) and mean total(cumulative) release at 10 days for all groups was in the 9 - 16 nmol range. 5. The cumulative release was significantly (p<0.05) less for 10% phosphoric acid gel than 32% phophoric acid gel at the third(14.4-43.2 min) & fourth(43.2-144 min) sample period.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1988

$SO_2$ gas injuries for 19 varieties of 10 species of plants were investigated within a environmentally controlled growth chamber. Visible injuries were observed when exposing the plants either 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 or 1.5ppm of $SO_2$ gas for 5 days from 9 : 00 to 17 : 00 everyday. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Light brown spots were shown on Raphanus sativus(Chunchu, Taeback, Jinjudaepyung), Brassica campestris(Manchun, Josaengmiho, Seoul, Jeonseung), and Capsicum annum(Searona, Hongsanho, Hongilpum); brown spots on Sesamum indicum(Pungnyun, Kwangsan); reddish brown shades on Cleosia cristata; and black brown spots on Perilla frutescens, Calendula officinalis, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Salvia splendens, respectively. 2. The spotty injuries induced by $SO_2$ gas injuries for 19 varieties of 10 species of plants were investigated within a environmentally controlled growth chamber. Visible injuries were observed when exposing the plants either 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 or 1.5ppm of $SO_2$ gas for 5 days from 9 : 00 to 17 : 00 everyday. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Light brown spots were shown on Raphanus sativus(Chunchu, Taeback, Jinjudaepyung), Brassica campestris(Manchun, Josaengmiho, Seoul, Jeonseung), and Capsicum annum(Searona, Hongsanho, Hongilpum); brown spots on Sesamum indicum(Pungnyun, Kwangsan); reddish brown shades on Cleosia cristata; and black brown spots on Perilla frutescens, Calendula officinalis, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Salvia splendens, respectively. 2. The spotty injuries induced by SO₂ gas on Raphanus sativus, Callistephus chinensis, Capsicum annum, Perilla frutescens, Calendula officinalis, Salvia splendens, and Sesamum indicum; the many small spots on Chrysanthemum morifolium; and the brown shade on Celosia cristata appeared on the upper surface of the intervein, on the leaf apex area and on the entire upper surface of leaves, respectively. 3. Visual injuries of Capsicum annum(Chunchu), Perilla frutescens, Sesamum indicum(Pungnyun, Kwangsan), and Salvia splendens were developed at 0.4ppm of SO₂ gas fumigation. Brassica campestris(Jeonseung), Capsicum annum(Searona, Hongilpum), and Cleosia cristata, however, showed the injury at 1.5ppm of $SO_2$ gas concentration. 4. Based on the tolerance grade(time when the 1st injury appeared), Raphanus sativus, Perilla frutescens, Sesamum indicum, and Salvia splendens were the most sensitive plants and Chrysanthemum morifolium, Callistephus chinensis, Cleosia cristata, and Calendula officinalis were the plants most tolerant of $SO_2$ gas. gas on Raphanus sativus, Callistephus chinensis, Capsicum annum, Perilla frutescens, Calendula officinalis, Salvia splendens, and Sesamum indicum; the many small spots on Chrysanthemum morifolium; and the brown shade on Celosia cristata appeared on the upper surface of the intervein, on the leaf apex area and on the entire upper surface of leaves, respectively. 3. Visual injuries of Capsicum annum(Chunchu), Perilla frutescens, Sesamum indicum(Pungnyun, Kwangsan), and Salvia splendens were developed at 0.4ppm of $SO_2$ gas injuries for 19 varieties of 10 species of plants were investigated within a environmentally controlled growth chamber. Visible injuries were observed when exposing the plants either 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 or 1.5ppm of $SO_2$ gas for 5 days from 9 : 00 to 17 : 00 everyday. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Light brown spots were shown on Raphanus sativus(Chunchu, Taeback, Jinjudaepyung), Brassica campestris(Manchun, Josaengmiho, Seoul, Jeonseung), and Capsicum annum(Searona, Hongsanho, Hongilpum); brown spots on Sesamum indicum(Pungnyun, Kwangsan); reddish brown shades on Cleosia cristata; and black brown spots on Perilla frutescens, Calendula officinalis, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Salvia splendens, respectively. 2. The spotty injuries induced by SO₂ gas on Raphanus sativus, Callistephus chinensis, Capsicum annum, Perilla frutescens, Calendula officinalis, Salvia splendens, and Sesamum indicum; the many small spots on Chrysanthemum morifolium; and the brown shade on Celosia cristata appeared on the upper surface of the intervein, on the leaf apex area and on the entire upper surface of leaves, respectively. 3. Visual injuries of Capsicum annum(Chunchu), Perilla frutescens, Sesamum indicum(Pungnyun, Kwangsan), and Salvia splendens were developed at 0.4ppm of SO₂ gas fumigation. Brassica campestris(Jeonseung), Capsicum annum(Searona, Hongilpum), and Cleosia cristata, however, showed the injury at 1.5ppm of $SO_2$ gas concentration. 4. Based on the tolerance grade(time when the 1st injury appeared), Raphanus sativus, Perilla frutescens, Sesamum indicum, and Salvia splendens were the most sensitive plants and Chrysanthemum morifolium, Callistephus chinensis, Cleosia cristata, and Calendula officinalis were the plants most tolerant of $SO_2$ gas. gas fumigation. Brassica campestris(Jeonseung), Capsicum annum(Searona, Hongilpum), and Cleosia cristata, however, showed the injury at 1.5ppm of $SO_2$ gas concentration. 4. Based on the tolerance grade(time when the 1st injury appeared), Raphanus sativus, Perilla frutescens, Sesamum indicum, and Salvia splendens were the most sensitive plants and Chrysanthemum morifolium, Callistephus chinensis, Cleosia cristata, and Calendula officinalis were the plants most tolerant of $SO_2$ gas.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2019

This study was conducted to develop and prove the effects of an agronomical pest control measure on ginseng cultivated by direct seeding in paddy field, and the results obtained are as follows. Decomposition of ginseng in field during overwintering was due to gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea, which occurred in October or November of 2016 and intensified in February and March the following year. The occurrence rate of gray mold rot based on shading materials was 6.5%, 16.8%, and 29.5% with light-proof paper, PE shade net, and rice straw shade, respectively. The initial infection occurred in the leaves prior to wintering and secondary infection occurred in the stems after wintering. The rate of screrotium formation by gray mold in the above-ground parts of ginseng tended to increase: 26.6% on October 20, 33.7% in November 20, and 41.8% on December 20. The force needed to remove the leaves and stems from withered ginseng was 0.2, 0.94, 2.5, and 5 kg for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4- and 5-year holds; the force required was 1 kg after wintering, making it relatively easy to remove. The disease incidence rate after the removal of leaves and stems was 2.5%, 1.2%, and 2.2% in 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old plants, respectively, and a disease high incidence rate of 8.8%, 13.0%, and 18.2%, respectively, was seen when the leaves and stems were not removed. In both transplanting and direct seeding, the miss-planted rate decreased and the germination rate increased when shading material was removed and the surface of ridge was covered with soil or vinyl.