• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.442-453
• /
• 2020

Underwater color images suffer from low visibility and color cast effects caused by light attenuation by water and floating particles. This study applied single image enhancement techniques to enhance the quality of underwater images and compared their performance with real underwater images taken in Korean waters. Dark channel prior (DCP), gradient transform, image fusion, and generative adversarial networks (GAN), such as cycleGAN and underwater GAN (UGAN), were considered for single image enhancement. Their performance was evaluated in terms of underwater image quality measure, underwater color image quality evaluation, gray-world assumption, and blur metric. The DCP saturated the underwater images to a specific greenish or bluish color tone and reduced the brightness of the background signal. The gradient transform method with two transmission maps were sensitive to the light source and highlighted the region exposed to light. Although image fusion enabled reasonable color correction, the object details were lost due to the last fusion step. CycleGAN corrected overall color tone relatively well but generated artifacts in the background. UGAN showed good visual quality and obtained the highest scores against all figures of merit (FOMs) by compensating for the colors and visibility compared to the other single enhancement methods.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.119-125
• /
• 1987

동경만입구에서 대도에 이르는 해역에서의 해수의 광학적 성질을 조사하기 위하여, 1985년 6월에 6개 관측점에서 투명도, 수색, 태양고도, 태양광의 8가지 파장 (378, 422, 481, 513, 570, 621, 653, 677 nm)에 대한 해수의 표면조도 및 수심별 수중조도 등을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 본 조사 해역의 투명도는 $12.9m\;(7.2\~18m)$ 였고, 수색은 $6.8\;(5\~10)$였다. 2. 해수의 평균소산계수는 $0.166\;(0.061\~0.644)$였고, 파장별로는 481nm가 0.097, 513nm가 0.099, 422nm가 0.105, 378nm가 0.121, 570nm가 0.138, 621 및 677nm가 0.253, 653nm가 0.258순으로 크게 나타났으며 파장에 따른 차이가 뚜렷했다. 3. 해수의 소산계수 K와 투명도 D와의 관계는 $K=2.87/D\;(1.06/D\~5.48/D)$였다. 4. 태양고도는 $70.79^{\circ}(57.44^{\circ}\~78.42^{\circ})$로 나타났다. 5. 태양광선의 표면광에 대한 평균해중투과율은 수심 1m층에서 $77.93\%$, 5m층에서 $35.46\%$, 10m층에서 $18.71\%$, 20m층에서 $7.00\%$로 나타났다. 6. 투명도층에서의 태양광의 해중투과율은 표면광의 $13.2\%(0.42\~34.78\%)$였고, 파장별로는 677nm가 $0.78\%$, 653nm가 $0.94\%$, 621nm가 $1.30\%$, 570nm가 $10.50\%$, 378nm가 $17.98\%$, 422nm가 $22.69\%$, 513m가 $23.78\%$, 481nm가 $26.14\%$ 순으로 많게 나타났으며 파장에 따른 차이가 많았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.234-240
• /
• 1986

일본 동경만내에서의 해수의 광학적 성질을 조사하기 위하여, 1985년 4월에 동경만내의 6개 관측점에서 투명도, 수색, 태양고도, 태양광의 8가지 파장(378, 422, 481, 513, 570, 621, 653, 677 nm)에 대한 해수의 표면조도 및 수중조도 등을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 본 조사해역의 투명도는 5.0m ($2.5{\sim}6.5m$)였고, 수색은 10.2 ($8{\sim}14$)였다. 2. 해수의 평균소산계수는 0.335 ($0.081{\sim}0.862$)였고, 파장별로는 677nm가 0.464, 653nm가 0.425, 621nm가 0.356, 422nm가 0.354, 570nm가 0.284, 481nm가 0.274, 378nm가 0.268, 513nm가 0.256순으로 작게 나타났다. 3. 해수의 소산계수 K와 투명도 D와의 관계는 K=2.22/D ($1.3/D{\sim}3.54/D$)였다. 4. 태양고도는 $53.62^{\circ}$ ($38.54^{\circ}{\sim}66.23^{\circ}$)로 나타났다. 5. 태양광선의 표면광에 대한 평균해중투과율은 수심 1m 층에서 $62.72\%$, 5m 층에서 $11.91\%$, 10m 층에서 $2.64\%$, 20m 층에서 $0.50\%$로 나타났다. 6. 투명도층에서의 태양광선의 해중투과율은 표면광의 $12.51\%$ ($2.91{\sim}27.25\%$)였고, 677nm의 광이 $5.97\%$로서 가장 적었으며 570nm의 광이 $20.22\%$로서 가장 많았다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.17-40
• /
• 2000

Resin cements are used for cementing indirect esthetic restorations such as resin or porcelain inlays. Because of its limitations in curing of purely light cured resin cements due to attenuation of the curing light by intervening materials, dual cured resin cements are recommended for cementing restorations. The physical properties of resin cements are greatly influenced by the extent to which a resin cures and the degree of cure is an important factor in the success of the inlay. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of porcelain thickness and exposure time on the polymerization of resin cements by measuring the microhardness and the degree of conversion, to investigate the nature of the correlation between two methods mentioned above, and to determine the exposure time needed to harden resin cements through various thickness of porcelain. The degree of resin cure was evaluated by the measurements of microhardness [Vickers Hardness Number(VHN)] and degree of conversion(DC), as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR) on one light cured composite resin [Z-100(Z)] and three dual cured resin cements [Duo cement(D), 3M Resin cement(R), and Dual cement(DA)] which were cured under porcelain discs thickness of 0mm, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm with light exposure time of 40sec, 80sec, 120sec, and regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between VHN and DC. In addition, to determine the exposure time needed to harden resin cements under various thickness of porcelain discs, the changes of the intensity of light attenuated by 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm thickness of porcelain discs were measured using the curing radiometer. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The values of microhardness and the degree of conversion of resin cements without intervening porcelain discs were 31~109VHN and 51~63%, respectively. In the microhardness Z was the highest, followed by R, D, DA. In the degree of conversion, D and DA was significantly greater than Z and R(p<0.05). 2. The microhardness and the degree of conversion of the resin cements decreased with increasing thickness of porcelain discs, and increased with increasing exposure time, D and R showed great variation with inlay thickness and exposure time, whereas, DA showed a little variation. 3. The intensity of light through 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm porcelain inlays decreased by 0.43, 0.25, and 0.14 times compared to direct illumination, and the respective needed exposure times are 53 sec, 70 sec, and 93 sec. In D and R, 40 sec of light irradiation through 2mm porcelain disc and 80 sec of light irradiation through 3mm porcelain disc were not enough to complete curing. 4. The microhardness and the degree of conversion of the resin cements showed a positive correlationship(R=0.791~0.965) in the order of R, D, Z, DA. As the thickness of porcelain discs increased, the decreasing pattern of microhardness was different from that of the degree of conversion, however.

• 센서학회지
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.273-278
• /
• 2002

광섬유의 침입 감지기능을 개발하기 위하여 다중모드 GRIN(graded-Index) 광섬유의 휨에 의한 광섬유내의 광전파 특성변화를 고찰하였다. 다중모드 CRIN 광섬유의 data파는 기본(fundamental) 모드로, 침입 감시용 감시파는 높은 차수의 모드로 동시에 전파 되게 하고, 광섬유의 휨(bending)에 의한 데이타 유출시도는 높은 차수 모드의 감시파의 감쇠를 가져오고, 결국 수신측의 경보를 작동하도록 한다. 또한 일정한 곡률반경으로 감겨진 광섬유에 기본 모드만 선별적으로 주입된 경우에 있어서, 다중모드 GRIN 광섬유 내에서의 광파의 전파과정을 이론적으로 해석하고, 광섬유가 휘게 피는 경우 여러 모드 사이에 결합(coupling)이 생겨나게 되는데, 광섬유가 감겨진 곡률반경을 변경해가면서 결합되는 기본모드의 power 변화를 수치해석을 이용한 프로그램 시뮬레이션을 통하여 조사하였다. 이 연구결과는 광섬유의 휨에 의하여 방출되는 데이타 도청 및 침입자 감지에 다중모드 GRIN 광섬유 활용 가능성과 광섬유의 곡률반경이 1cm 정도가지는 Asawa-Taylor의 모델[4]이 정당함을 보였다.

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.132-137
• /
• 2017

To investigate the usefulness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging lymphedema, we directly compared it to other histological methods in a mouse model of lymphedema. We performed detailed imaging of the lymphedema lesion on a mouse tail. We imaged the mouse tail in vivo with OCT and created histopathological samples. We constructed a spectrometer-based OCT system using a fiber-optic Michelson interferometer. The light was directed to 50:50 couplers that split the light into reference and sample arms. Backscattered light from a reference mirror and the sample produced an interference fringe. An OCT image of the lymphedema model revealed an inflammatory reaction of the skin that was accompanied by edema, leading to an increase in the light attenuation in the dermal and subcutaneous layers. Similar to OCT image findings, histological biopsy showed an inflammatory response that involved edema, increased neutrophils in epidermis and subdermis, and lymphatic microvascular dilatation. Furthermore, the lymphedema model showed an increase in thickness of the dermis in both diagnostic studies. In the mouse tail model of lymphedema, OCT imaging showed very similar results to other histological examinations. OCT provides a quick and useful diagnostic imaging technique for lymphedema and is a valuable addition or complement to other noninvasive imaging tools.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.44-54
• /
• 2020

Objectives : In the present study, we investigated whether or not an herb mixture including Lycii fructus(HML) has attenuation effects on light stress in rats. Methods : Light stress was induced by exposure to 300 lx of constant lifht for 24 h and 1mg/kg of caffeine was injected into the rat. Rats were orally treated with distilled water of HML for 21 days at 100mg/kg/d. The changes of mortality rate, clinical signs, body, blood chemistry, melatonin and IL-2 expression were analyzed after experiment. Results : Normal weight changes were observed in all treatment groups. In addition, no changes were observed in dead animals and general symptoms. At the time of autopsy, the appearance of all groups and gross examination of major organs were observed, and no gross findings were observed. Blood biochemical tests showed that total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels were statistically significantly decreased in the group treated with HML compared to the stress-induced group. Melatonin was measured in the blood, but there was no significant difference in the group treated with HML compared to the group with stress-induced group, but it tended to increase. IL-2 was measured in the blood, no significant change was observed in the group treated with HML compared to the stress-induced group. Conclusions : According to the above results, HML maybe help with hematological changes expressed by caffeine and light-induced stress.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 2000

The characteristics of spray nozzle have been quantified with the measurement of fluorescence and Mie scattering images. To correct the attenuation of the incident light sheet, a sequential double-pass light sheet system and the geometrical averaging of two images was implemented. Quantitative mass flux distribution of spray was obtained from fluorescence image. 3-D image is reconstructed using 2-D radial images. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) distribution was determined using the ratio of fluorescence signal intensity and Mie scattering signal intensity and the values were quantified with PDP A data. The measurement of mass flux and SMD using planar imaging technique agee with PDP A data fairly well in the low density region. However, in dense region， there are significant errors caused by secondary scattering. It was found that the planar imaging technique provides many advantages over the point measurement technique, such as PDP A, and can be implemented for quantitative measurement, especially in low density region.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
• /
• 제10권5호
• /
• pp.645-652
• /
• 2015

양식장 또는 바다와 같은 수중은 물방울과 다양한 부유물에 의하여 탁도가 높아지므로, 깊이에 따라 빛의 감쇠가 발생하고 부유물에 의한 빛의 산란 효과도 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 수중 환경에서 획득한 수중 영상의 가시성을 개선하기 위하여, dark channel prior 개념을 이용한 안개 제거 방법과 학습된 색상 변환 모델을 이용하여 색을 복원하는 수중 영상의 가시성 개선 방법을 제안하였다. 색상 변환 모델을 학습하기 위하여 여수와 포항에서 획득한 수중 패턴 영상을 사용하였으며, 제안 방법의 제안된 방법의 성능을 측정하기 위하여 여수, 거문도, 필리핀 등에서 수집한 수중 영상을 사용하여 가시성 개선 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 제안 방법이 다양한 장소에서 수집된 수중 영상의 가시성을 개선시킴을 확인하였다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.369-377
• /
• 2005

Seashore joining with land and sea, which is typical habitat for marine macroalgae, is classified two types of shore as soft- and hard-bottom shore according to topographical (geological) and ecological features. We compared two of Ulva pertusa Kjellman from two contrasting habitats, sandy (soft-bottom, Haenam) and rocky shore (hard-bottom, Hadong) in terms of chlorophyll-a fluorescence and its parameters, and various photosynthetic pigment and nutrient content in the tissue of those. Both of habitats were different in the light environment such as light attenuation coefficient and even in nutrient concentration of ambient seawater. Electron transport rate (ETR) of Ulva from sandy shore was higher than from rocky shore. The range of photosynthetic pigment content in the tissue of U. pertusa was significantly much more in from sandy shore, and also nitrogen and phosphorus content were significantly higher except for carbon content. However, there were no significant differences in the ratio of among photosynthetic pigments, and N:P ratio was similar between each other, even though significantly different. Our result implied on the reason of why most of green tides in the worldwide concentrated and frequently occurred at sites with sandy, muddy and silty bottoms, being classified as soft-bottom shore.