• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2004

수목착생지의류를 이용한 대기환경의 오염영향을 파악하기 위하여 대기오염이 예상되는 삼천포 화력발전소를 중심으로 지의류의 분포와 LAP를 조사하였다. 조사지에서 생육하고 있는 지의류의 종 수는 27종이었다. 화력 발전소에서 4㎞ 이내 지역에서는 4종∼6종이 분포하였으며, 피도도 낮았다. 화력 발전소에서 멀어질 수록 종 수 및 피도가 증가하였다. 대기오염에 민감한 Parmelia tinctorum은 발전소를 중심으로 4 ㎞ 이내에서는 출현되지 않아 대기오염에 민감한 종으로 판단되었다. Lepraria sp., Parmelia austrosinensis, Dirinaria applanata 3종은 빈도 13.40%로 전 조사지에서 출현되어 대기오염에 내성이 있는 것으로 조사되었다. LAP는 사등동앞산, 석산개발, 발전소 등에서 대조지역인 연화산 지역보다 4배 이상 낮게 나타나 대기환경이 좋지 못한 것으로 조사되었으며, 발전소에서 멀어질수록 LAP가 높게 나타났다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2012

지의류는 곰팡이, 조류 및 남조균류의 공생체이다. 본 연구팀은 최근 북극 지의류로부터 분리한 몇몇 미생물 종의 항산화 활성에 대하여 연구하였고, 그들의 높은 항산화 활성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 Cladonia sp., Sterocaulon sp., Umbilicaria sp. 및 Cetraria sp. 총 4종류의 지의류로부터 5종의 미생물을 새롭게 분리하였고 배양 후, 다양한 용매 추출법으로 그들의 항산화능을 조사하였다. DPPH와 ABTS 자유 라디컬 소거능 측정법 및 FRAP 분석 등을 수행하였다. 또한 총 폴리페놀함량과 총플라보노이드 함량 분석 역시 수행하였다. 지의류 유래 미생물 배양 추출액 중, Burkholderia sordidicola S5-B(T) 유사 미생물 종의 에틸아세테이트 추출액은 DPPH 분석에서 대조군인 아스코르빈산 (51.3%)에 비해 72.9%로 높은 항산화 활성을 보였을 뿐만 아니라, 높은 플라보노이드와 폴리페놀 함량을 나타내었다. 결과적으로, 이러한 지의류 유래 미생물 종들은 잠재적으로 천연 항산화제의 원천소재로서 이용가능할 것이다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.381-391
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• 2011

Many lichens have been used as bioindicators for air pollutants such as $SO_2$. The first ecological study on lichens in Korea was conducted in 1975 by Kim and Lee, disclosing that areas adjacent to the center of Seoul were lichen deserts. Air quality in Seoul has improved significantly since the 1980s. However, the distribution of lichen species has not been reevaluated since then. We examined the spatial and temporal pattern of lichen distribution by selecting six (inner city green [ICG] and four (outer city green [OCG]) sites, based on the distance from the city center of Seoul and the land use pattern. The change in lichen distribution was related to yearly mean concentrations of $SO_2$, $NO_2$, and $O_3$ for the years 1980-2009. Four and 13 lichen species were found in ICGs and OCGs, respectively. Although mean sample numbers per species were much higher in the former, species richness tended to increase with distance from the city center. Since 1980, $SO_2$ has declined drastically to < 0.01 ppm in both ICGs and OCGs, indicating that $SO_2$ is no longer a limiting factor for lichen establishment and growth. In contrast, $NO_2$ has increased steadily for 20 years (1989-2009) and a considerable proportion of lichen species in both ICGs and OCGs are known as nitrophilic or pollution-tolerant species. Appearance of nitrophiles in both ICGs and OCGs and the dominance of a few lichen species in ICGs may reflect the effects of the increase in $NO_2$. In contrast to $SO_2$ and $NO_2$, $O_3$ was higher in OCGs, but it was difficult to identify a causal relationship between $O_3$ and lichen distribution.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.280-286
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• 1999

Lichen-forming (LFF) or lichenicolous fungi (LCF) were isolated from the lichens collected at‘Backwoon’mountain area,‘Chiri’mountain area and‘Sorok’island in the southern regions of Korea and were screened for antagonistic efficacy against several phyto-pathogenic fungi. Symbiotic algae-free LFF and LCF were isolated by the following methods: I) discharged spores (ascospores), II) macerated thallus suspension and III) direct use of thallus fragments. Among 58 isolates obtained from 34 lichens, 8 isolates showed antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Antifungal activities of the strongest antagonistic isolate (LB9810) originated from the thallus of Parmelia quercina lichen were evaluated against 15 phyto-pathogenic fungi. When crude methanol extract of mycelia of the LB8910 isolate was employed at the rate of 0.5% (v/w), fungal growth of Magnaporthe grisea and Rhizoctonia solani was severly and Rhizoctonia solani was severly inhibited as much as approximately 60% compared to control. Growth of various food-borne same extract. The extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. n-Hexane fraction displayed the strongest antifungal activities against R. solani. The LB9810 isolate was finally identified as Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc., which has not been reported as LFF or LCF yet. Therefore, it is very likely that F. equiseti isolated it the study was originated from the contaminants associated with thallus fragments rather than from LFF or LCF.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1155-1164
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• 2019

Lichens contain diverse bioactive secondary metabolites with various chemical and biological properties, which have been widely studied. However, details of the inhibitory mechanisms of their secondary metabolites against influenza A virus (IAV) have not been documented. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of lichen extracts, obtained from South Korea, against IAV in MDCK cells. Of the lichens tested, Nipponoparmelia laevior (LC24) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect against IAV infection. LC24 extract significantly increased cell viability, and reduced apoptosis in IAV-infected cells. The LC24 extract also markedly reduced (~ 3.2 log-fold) IAV mRNA expression after 48 h of infection. To understand the antiviral mechanism of LC24 against IAV, proteomic (UPLC-$HDMS^E$) analysis was performed to compare proteome modulation in IAV-infected (V) vs. mock (M) and LC24+IAV (LCV) vs. V cells. Based on Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), LC24 inhibited IAV infection by modulating several antiviral-related genes and proteins (HSPA4, HSPA5, HSPA8, ANXA1, ANXA2, $HIF-1{\alpha}$, AKT1, MX1, HNRNPH1, HNRNPDL, PDIA3, and VCP) via different signaling pathways, including $HIF-1{\alpha}$ signaling, unfolded protein response, and interferon signaling. These molecules were identified as the specific biomarkers for controlling IAV in vitro and further confirmation of their potential against IAV in vivo is required. Our findings provide a platform for further studies on the application of lichen extracts against IAV.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2016

Background: In this article, it was analyzed how snow melting affects the assembly of lichen and moss communities in a small area of the coastal region of Barton Peninsula, which is in maritime Antarctic. In the small area, even though there is a huge gap of difference of the environment between the snow-filled area and snow-melt one, the latter did not have distinctive environmental gradients. Results: Depending on the snow melting time, coverage and species diversity of lichens and mosses tend to increase remarkably. For species with significant changes depending on the snow-covered period, there are Andreaea regularis, crustose lichens, Placopsis contortuplicata, Usnea aurantiaco-atra, and snow algae. In this area, the process of vegetation assembly process has shown the directional development in the order of snow algae${\rightarrow}$crustose, lichen sub-formation${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, moss cushion sub-formation (Andreaea sociation)${\rightarrow}$fruticose lichen, and moss cushion sub-formation (Usnea sociation), according to the order of snow melting. These directional development stages are shown in gradual change in small area with the snow melting phenomena. However, in the snow-free area, where water is sufficiently supplied, it is expected that moss carpet sub-formation (Sanionia sociation) will be developed. Vegetation development in the small area with the snow melting phenomena, depending on differences of resistance on snow kill and moisture settled by species in according to the time of snow melting, tolerance model to form community is followed. Conclusions: The research results explain the development of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra and its spatial distribution according to the period for growth of lichens and mosses in the summer time by differences of snow melting in the small area. In the future, if research for the community development process in a large scale will be done, it will be helpful to figure out temporal and spatial dynamic of vegetation in the Antarctic tundra where snow and glaciers melt rapidly due to climatic warming.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2005년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.202.4-202
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• 2005

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1016-1023
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• 2008

Lichens are predominant and important components of flora in the terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica. However, relatively few researches on the phylogenetic position of Antarctic lichen-forming fungi have been accomplished. In this study, partial sequences of nuclear large subunit rDNAs from 50 Antarctic specimens were obtained and the phylogeny was reconstructed. Antarctic lichen species were distributed in 4 orders, including the monophyletic order Agyrales, paraphyletic orders Pertusariales and Teloschistales, and polyphyletic order Lecanorales. Species diversity was highest in the order Lecanorales, followed by Teloschistales and Pertusariales. Based on the phylogeny and sequence similarity analyses, it is proposed that the taxonomy of Stereocaulon alpinum, Physcia caesia, Usnea aurantiacoatra, and Cladonia species should be revised by careful examination of their phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Six species known to be endemic to Antarctica, Catillaria corymbosa, Himantormia lugubris, Leptogium puberulum, Pertusaria pertusa, Rhizoplaca aspidophora, and Umbilicaria antarctica, formed unique lineages, implying independent origins in the Antarctic area.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제18권
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• pp.63-74
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• 2006

경주서악리 삼층석탑의 모든 부재는 정동이 잘 발달된 중립질의 회백색 알카리 화강암으로 구성되어 있다. 이 석탑은 이미 보수되어 전체적으로 안정감을 주며 상륜부를 제외하면 거의 원형을 보존하고 있다. 그러나 석탑에 직접적인 영향을 가하는 주변의 수목과 지반에 서식하는 잔디의 영향으로 지대석과 기단부 및 옥개석의 상부에는 지의류를 비롯한 미생물의 서식이 심각한 상태이다. 따라서 보존처리는 일차 건식세정을 실시하였고 이차로 습식세정을 실시하였다. 이때 잘 제거되지 않는 지의류 및 오염물 등은 고온스팀을 이용하여 제거하였다. 또한 이미 보수에 사용되었던 콘크리트와 에폭시 수지를 제거를 하고 에폭시계 합성수지에 탈크와 알카리 화강암 파우더 등의 충전제를 혼합하여 복원하였다. 부재들의 질감을 맞추기 위해 합성수지와 충전제의 혼합과정에서 색 맞춤을 하였다. 또한 석탑의 동쪽에 있는 사면으로부터 흘러내리는 빗물의 유입을 최소화하기 위해 배수로를 설치하였으며, 석탑주변에 서식하고 있는 수목 및 잔디를 제거하여 습기 발생을 최소화함으로서 향후지의류의 발생을 억제시키고자 하였다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

지의류는 곰팡이와 광합성을 하는 조류 또는 남조류의 공생체로서 토양, 바위, 나무 등에 아주 널리 분포하는 진핵생명체다. 지의류형성곰팡이는 흔히 죽은 나무나 죽어가는 나무 위에서 부착하여 증식하지만 나무를 직접적으로 죽이지는 않는다. 전남 순천시 매실나무 과수원 포장에 있는 매실나무 수피에 엽상체 지의류 Parmotrema autrosinense를 포함한 몇 가지 가상체 지의류가 심하게 증식하고 있었다. 이러한 지의류 조합의 증식으로 매실나무는 회색으로 흉하게 보이고 정상적인 생장이 억제되었으며, 심각하게 영향을 받은 매실나무 가지의 수피에서 지의체를 제거하지 않으면 낙엽이 지고 가지가 말라 죽었다. 매실나무 수피에 있는 지의체를 제거해주면 매실나무 가지들은 수세를 회복하였으며, 지의체를 제거한 후에 $Twin^{(R)}$ 20 또는 톱신페스트를 발라주면 더욱 수세가 왕성해졌다. 따라서 매실나무에 몇 가지 지의류 조합의 정착 및 증식에 의해 발생하는 낙엽과 가지마름 증상을 '매실나무 지의류병(lichen disease)'이라고 명명할 것을 제안한다.