• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.227-236
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• 2019

Medium to coarse-grained biotite granodiorite was used to build the Standing Buddha Statue in the Gwanchoksa temple. An ancient document revealed the period and place of constructing the statue: it was made in the northwest of Mt. Banyasan and then moved eastward. Also, the comparison of standing Buddha statue and basement rock in terms of texture, magnetic susceptibility, and gamma spectrometer shows that they have similar characteristics, which is considered to be the same provenance rock. The damage caused by surface contaminants observed in the statue seems to be a combined effect of environmental factors and aging of the epoxy resin. After removal of the contaminants in 2007, the contamination has resumed, and continuous monitoring is necessary. Algal engraftment becomes faster when biological contamination occurs on the surface of stone cultural heritage. Since the secondary lichen growth forms a symbiosis with mold, it is necessary to observe the spatial and distributional changes. Also, the aging epoxy resin may cause secondary damage due to contaminants generated due to the determination of salts, and deterioration of bonding strength due to breaking out. Thus it is desirable to secure stability through proper conservation management.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the taste sensitivity in patients with oral mucosal diseases(Oral lichen planus(OLP), Recurrent apthous ulcer(RAU)) using electrogustometer. One hundred and seventy three subjects were included for the study and they were categorized into 2 groups(control 100, patient 73) and patient group was investigated in the Department of Oral Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital from April, 2005 until January, 2007. Control group was investigated in the clinics at Inchen Metroplitan city and Cheongju city from February to August, 2006. The electrical taste thresholds were measured by using an electrogustometer for the 4 different sites(tongue tip, tongue lateral, circumvallate papilla and soft palate) in oral cavity. The results were as follows ; 1. The electrical taste threshold in patient group was significantly decreased than that in the control group(p<0.001). 2. The electrical taste threshold, in terms of the chronicity and lesion multiplicity, was not significantly changed in patient group. 3. The electrical taste threshold was not significantly changed in Dexan only and Dexan+Prs combination treated group. 4. The electrical taste threshold, in terms of treatment progress(no response vs half response vs complete response), was not significantly changed. However subjective index which was determined by NAS(Numerical Analogy Scale) was significantly increased in no response group but significantly decreased in complete response group(p<0.001)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.24
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• pp.121-142
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• 1995

The Expressionism took shape in the early twentieth century, so called as the time of change and innovation which intermediated between the time of extreme prosperity and peace and the time of disruption. This study is based on the wide sense of Expressionism out of various concepts of Expressionism. The afore-mentioned phenomenon was emphasized all the more in the French Expressionism and it is the most important and substantial object in the Art to make a direct transference of emotion , feeling and thought and it could be regarded as one of characteristics of the French Expressionism . In Addition, the Expressionism produced " Aesthetics on Ugliness "Aesthetics des H lichen )" in creating work of art. It was an expression of the Existentialism based on Humanism for modern people who lived at time of nihility and such artistic movement accepted polarity and ambivalance concepts claimed by Nietzsche into three specific fields in accordance with thought and technique in the work of art and those are the Intuitional Expressionism. Cubistic Expressionism and Fantastic Expressionism. This study makes a close analysis of costume style trends on the basis of the categorized Expressionism enumerated as above. The characteristics of Intuitional Expressionism is that poverty and a sense of alienation dominated all society and thus the social reality brought a trend of social participation . This social reality effected significantly modern costume style and a reformative costume turned up at last . This reformative costume was classified into Gar onne look, Military look and Lingerie look by characteristics of style in order to make a close examination for the relationship between social reality and the reformative structure. Cubistic Expressionism effected costume forming and changed costume style through " Deformation " and " Distortion" in forming technique , and also it has developed geometrical style of costume, which could be symbolized by mechanism. And on the other hand, this Cubistic Expressionism has emphasized exaggerated expression ability to produce rigid and stiff style of costume. Fantastic Expression pursued basic artistic worth from the primitive and ethnic customs and accepted fantastic oriental Exoticism . This Fantastic Expressionism effected costume style of twentieh century and such designers as Lon Bakst, Paul Poiret, Elsa Schiapareli adopted intentive primary color. It also applied " Depaysment" to modern costume style , which introduced avant-garde design to give an impact through destruction of the existing traditional concept. This study also analized seven major representative costume designers of the early twentieth century. They are L on Bakst, Paul Poiret, Madeline Vionnet, JeanPatou, Gabriel Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli. These designers deployed creative costume design work with peculiar expression technique based on the French expressionism. The costume study related to art history was so far made mostly to approach costume forming but only a few study is found to have approached idealistic background of art history in connection with creating costume. From that point of view, it is profoundly significant for this study to analize idealistic background and characteristics of Expressionism and relationship between costume and expressionism and to examine modern costume of twntieth century in conjunction with technical characteristics and spiritual sense of Expresionism.eristics and spiritual sense of Expresionism.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.102-108
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• 2017

Purpose: Many metal ions released from dental casting alloys have been reported to influence the intraoral symptoms of oral lichen planus (OLP) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary metal ion levels and the prosthetic duration as well as to evaluate the time-dependent morbid effects of metal ions in OLP and BMS patients. Methods: Three study groups consist of the following subjects respectively: 17 OLP patients, 12 BMS patients, and 12 patients without oral symptoms. The salivary concentrations of 13 metal ions (copper, cobalt, zinc, chromium, nickel, aluminum, silver, iron, titanium [Ti], platinum, tin, palladium, and gold) were measured by Laser Ablation Microprobe Inductively coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Results: The Ti ions had statistically significant differences among the groups with a prosthetic duration of less than 5 years. There were no significant differences between all ion levels among the groups wearing dental cast alloys for over 5 years. In the BMS group, the level of Ti ions in patients with prosthetic restorations less than 5 years old were significantly high (p<0.05). Conclusions: In the BMS group, 3-60 months during which salivary Ti levels were higher were matched with the duration of burning symptoms ($15.6{\pm}17.1months$). Furthermore, Ti ions were statistically high in the oral cavity of BMS patients fitted with dental casting alloys for 5 years. These results suggest that Ti ions released from dental implants and oral prostheses could attribute to burning sensation of BMS.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 1996

The intent of this paper is to examine the talus in Chon-hwang-san in the southern part of Korean Peninsula, and then analyze its geomorphic feature and origin. The research is summarized as follows; (1) The talus is 220m long and the range of the width from 10 to 75m. The mean gradient is $33^{\circ}$ and the mean block size is $110{\times}59cm$(long axis$\times$short axis). The overall appearance of the talus is tongue-shaped and the geology of the constituent blocks is dacite. (2) This talus has two particular geomorphic landscapes. One is that the talus has not free face as source of blocks back of itself; the free face of the talus has been parallel retreated to disappearance by frost attack. The other is that the upper part of the talus is on the ridge. (3) This talus is classified into rock fall talus type, and the shape of rock fragments is angular. When considered in conjunction with face of being mentioned above, the morphology and lithology of the talus are best explained on the basis of origin under periglacial environment during late pleistocene time. (4) Most constituent rock debris are now lichen-covered, or covered with a mantle of weathering. There is no evidence of appreciable movement and for supplying block. Therefore, the talus appears to be relict or fossil form stage, currently.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.355-368
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• 2002

The multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda (Treasure No. 1112) in the Sancheong, Korea was studied on the basis of deterioration and geological safety diagnosis. The stone pagoda is composed mainly of granitic gneiss, partly fine-grained granitic gneiss, leucocratic gneiss, biotite granite and ceramics. Each rock of the pagoda is highly exfoliated and fractured along the edges. Some fractures in the main body and roof stones are treated by cement mortar. This pagoda is strongly covered with yellowish to reddish brown tarnish due to the amorphous precipitates of iron hydroxides. Dark grey crust by manganese hydroxides occur Partly, and some Part coated with white grey gypsum and calcite aggregates from the reaction of cement mortar and rain. As the main body, roof and upper part of the pagoda, the rocks are developed into the radial and linear cracks. Surface of this pagoda shows partly yellowish brown, blue and green patchs because of contamination by algae, lichen, moss and bracken. Besides, wall-rocks of the Daewonsa temple and rock aggregates in the Daewonsa valley are changed reddish brown color with the same as those of the pagoda color. It suggests that the rocks around the Daewonsa temple are highly in iron and manganese concentrations compared with the normal granitic gneiss which color change is natural phenomena owing to the oxidation reaction by rain or surface water with rocks. Therefore, for the attenuation of secondary contamination, whitening and reddishness, the possible conservation treatments are needed. Consisting rocks of the pagoda would be epoxy to reinforce the fracture systems for the structural stability on the basements.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.661-673
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• 2007

Rock materials of the three-storied stone pagoda in the Cheongryongsa temple in Korea are mainly composed of gneissose two-mica granite and fine-grained granite. This stone pagoda shows structural instability due to cracks and breaking-out of the stones. The surface properties of the stone is highly degraded by various inorganic pollutants and epilithic biospecies. Therefore, this study carried out comprehensive deterioration diagnosis by non-destructive methods, and some conservation treatments base on the diagnosis were carried out to reduce weathering progress. As the treatments, the biospecies and lichen that covering on the stone surfaces were removed by dry and wet cleaning, and degraded concrete applied to the pagoda for restoration in the past was removed and repaired with epoxy resin. Oxidized iron plates inserted between the rock properties were also substituted titanium stainless steels. After all processes are completed, we sprayed consolidant on the rock surface. Finally, the ground of the stone pagoda was rearranged using small rock aggregates, and the fence was established for control of artificial deterioration by visitors and environmental maintenance.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.237-242
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• 1996

Two depsides, medicinal herb products isolated from the methanol extract of Umbilicaria esculenta, inhibited human synovial fluid Phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ ($IC_{50}$ of 0.22 and 0.26 mM, respectively). In the course of screening for antiinflammatory compounds from natural products, we successfully isolated two depsides $PLA_2$ inhibitory compounds, Orcinol and methyl orsellinic acid. The compounds were identified as orcinol and methyl orsellinic acid on the basis of various NMR studies including $^1H,\;^{13}C$ and DEPT experiments.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2018

The Gyeongju Bunhwangsa Stone Brick Pagoda, which was built with bricks of andesite, is the oldest brick stone pagoda of Silla period. The damage patterns in the stone pagoda are pollutants such as white crust, black crust, discoloration, soil adsorption, and microorganisms, and repair materials. The damage pattern of structural factors in the Stone Brick Pagoda is a bulging phenomenon. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis, white crust are mainly consist of calcite ($CaCO_3$) and thermonatrite ($Na_2CO_3{\cdot}H_2O$) that evaporite finds in nature. Damage pattern varies depending on location of stone pagoda. The pollutants are first story body of pagoda. The microorganisms are confirmed at base, lion statues, first and second story capstone, and repair materials observed at base. The bulging phenomenon appeared on the first story body of the pagoda. Occupancy rates by damage type were higher in the order of microorganisms, pollutants, repair material, bulging phenomenon, and peeling. The highest percentage of individual damage patterns were black microorganisms (39.3%), followed by lichen (17.9%), discoloration (8.0%), white crust (5.5%), cement mortar (5.1%) and peeling (3.1%).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.666-672
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• 2012

The present study was carried out in order to assess the dietary exposure as well as the risk for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposure through mushrooms among the Korean population. Various samples (n=536) covering 17 kinds of mushrooms were collected from retail outlets and markets in Korea. The contents of Pb were 0.005 (King oyster)-0.026 (Matsutake) mg/kg in raw mushrooms and 0.014 (Oyster)-16.411 (Manna lichen) mg/kg in dry mushrooms, respectively. The contents of Cd were 0.002 (Enoki)-0.205 (Hericium erinaciium) mg/kg in raw mushrooms and 0.021 (Vegetable worms)-2.650 (Agaricus blazei Muill) mg/kg in dry mushrooms, respectively. The mean dietary exposure of Pb for the general population was $0.053{\mu}g/day$, taking 0.03% of provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The mean dietary exposure of Cd for the general population was $0.168{\mu}g/day$, corresponding to 0.37% of provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI). Therefore, the level of the overall dietary exposure to heavy metals through mushroom for the Korean population was far below the recommended JECFA levels, indicating little possibility of concern.