• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.239-262
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• 2006

The paper suggests that there has been a shift in the allocation of bank credit from large firms to small firms before and after the economic crisis. The paper also suggests that the improved lending practices of financial institutions, at least partially, contributed to this shift of corporate loans from large firms to small firms. Comparing the periods before and after the economic crisis also suggests that some important changes occurred to the corporate bond market. The effect of firm size on the corporate bond market differs before and after the economic crisis. Before the crisis, the larger the firms, the more they could borrow in the corporate bond market. However, after the crisis, it is not the case. The following interpretation could be put forward. Before the crisis, investors in the corporate bond market expected that the government would rescue large firms if they face the risk of bankruptcies. However, the collapse of Daewoo Group in 1999 shattered the TBTF (Too Big To Fail) myth of the public. The liquidity crisis of Hyundai Group in 2000-2001 reinforced the disintegration of the TBTF myth.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.24-37
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• 2016

An Intelligent information society means intelligent superconducting society that goes beyond information society where information is centered. Now that artificial intelligence is specifically discussed, it is time to start discussing the laws and systems for intelligent information society, where artificial intelligence plays a key role. At some point it may be too late to cope with singularity. Of course, it is not easy to predict how artificial intelligence will change our society. However, there are concerns on what kind of relationship should humans build with AI in the intelligent information society where algorithms rule the world or at least support decision making of humans. What is obvious is that humans dominating AI or ruling out AI will not be the answer. Discussions for legal framework to respond to the AI-based intelligent information society needs to be achieved to a level that replaces the current human-based legal framework with AI. This is because legal improvement caused by the paradigm shift to the intelligent information society may assume emergence of new players-AI, robots, and objects-and even their subjectivation.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2007

This paper, describes the VDR physical layer design in VDL Mode-2 in order to meet the requirements of International standards. VDR's frequency band is 117.975~137MHz, and CSMA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access), D8PSK(Differential Eight Phase Shift Keyed), 25KHz's channel bandwidth use. The analysis of the isolated channel from near channels, sensitivity of the receiver, dynamic range of the receiver, linear of the transmitter and energy of spurious for linear and non-linear simulation as a requirement condition of performance of VDR and teaches the course of design. The transmitting power level should be lower than 5dB from Po1dB point and the selected IF frequency is 45MHz to suppress the spurious signals. The receiver designed has 4.5dB of Noise figure, 27.52dB of Es/No, Mixer isolation up to 30dB, IIP3 power of LNA up to +10dBm to minimize the intermodulation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2018

Objective : Rehemorrhage is the most severe complication of postoperative patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The aim of the present study was to assess independent predictors of rehemorrhage and find the possibility of preventing rehemorrhage in postoperative patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Methods : Medical records of 263 postoperative patients with sICH from our Hospital were reviewed. The relationships between rehemorrhage and parameters were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. The parameters include time from onset to surgery, hematologic paremeters, neuroimaging characteristics, level and variability of systolic blood pressure, medical histories, operation duration, and blood loss. In addition, relationship between rehemorrhage and clinical outcome were analyzed by using multivariate analyses. Results : Thirty-five (13.31%) patients experienced rehemorrhage after operation. Multivariate analyses indicated that the following factors were independently associated with rehemorrhage : history of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 2.717; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.005-7.346; p=0.049), and midline shift (for every 1 mm increase, OR, 1.117; 95% CI, 1.029-1.214; p=0.009). Rehemorrhage was an independent risk factor of poor functional outcome (OR, 3.334; 95% CI, 1.094-10.155; p=0.034). Conclusion : Our finding revealed that history of diabetes mellitus and admission midline shift were possibly associated with rehemorrhage in postoperative patients with sICH.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.2 s.50
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• pp.497-510
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• 1995

This study was carried out to assess work ability of manufacturing workers and managerial workers. Subjects were 446 manufacturing workers and 278 managerial workers employed in Gumi industrial complex and the observation period was for 1 month(February to March), 1995. In this study, as a questionnaire for the assessment of work ability, we used the Work Ability Index(WAI) which was developed by Institute of Occupational Health in Finland. Major findings obtained from this study were as follows ; WAI was poor in lower economic condition, shift work, irregular diet group(p<0.05). There were no evident trends of WAS in sex, educational level, obesity index, exercise, smoking, and alcohol drinking. In the groups of sensitive to perception of stress, other industrial classification except textile and electronics, the more than 9 hours work, the evident trends of poor WAS were observed(p<0.01). In the groups of $30\sim39$ years old, $40\sim49$ years old, unmarried, high school, shift work, standard body weight, and regular .diet, WAI between manufacturing workers and managerial workers was significantly different(p<0.01) and WAI of managerial worker was worse than that of manufacturing worker.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.539-548
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• 2007

In the paper, a wireless charger with the function of auto-shutdown for fully implantale middle ear hearing devices (F-IMEHD) has been designed. The wireless charger can communicate with an implant module to be turned off automatically shutdown after an internal rechargeable battery has been fully-charged by electromagnetic coupling using two coils. For the communication with an implant module, the wireless charger uses the load shift keying (LSK) method. But, the variation of the mutual inductance due to the different distance between two coils can cause the communication error in receiving the fully-charged signal from an implant module. To solve the problem, the implemented wireless charger has a variable reference generator for LSK communication. The wireless charger generates proper level of the reference voltage for a comparator using an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) and a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). Through the result of experiment, it has been confirmed that the presented wireless charger can detect signals from implantable module. And wireless charger can stop generating electromagnetic flux after an implanted battery has been fully charged in spite of variable coil distance according to different skin thickness.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.170-179
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify menstrual distress, coping method and relief of symptoms among female nurses who worked with 3-shift. Methods: A total of 185 participants were recruited from November 18, 2011 to January 30, 2012. The measurement included menstrual distress and coping method questionnaire and relief of symptoms. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients with SPSS 19.0 Results: The level of menstrual distress was moderate (mean 3.0), and there were significant differences in menstrual distress by age, education, stress, regularity of menstrual cycle. Among the coping methods, coping according to menstrual cycle specific was the most frequently used, followed by active recognizing coping, active behavioral coping, and avoidance coping. Among the degree of symptom relief, symptom relief score was the highest when used coping according to menstrual cycle specific. Menstrual distress was associated with stress, adequate amount of sleep, dysmenorrhea and number of coping method total. Conclusion: Nurses experienced moderate levels of menstrual distress and used various types of coping to relieve it. There is a need for hospital nurses to develop an effective nursing intervention to relieve the menstrual distress and utilize active coping methods.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.264-270
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• 2016

This study examined how the police officers use their annual leaves. While Korean police officers have burdens of heavy workload exceeding their regular office hours, they are passive to get leaves to keep in shape from long hours of work, to maintain the appropriate level of work productivity, and to secure time for leisure and cultural activities. It appeared that most of the police officers surveyed haven't used their annual leaves for less than half of the days designated by law. It also appeared tat female officers used more leaves than male officers, and married officers than single ones. Considering the characteristics of work environment, it showed that officers doing shift work had less days of leaves than officers in non-shift work. The reasons why the police take leaves passively lie on various factors that heavy workload, work-oriented life, work-oriented police organizational culture preceding family and so forth. Therefore, it needed to supplement the personnels to meet the needs of overwhelming workload of the police and to allocate the work properly in advance. In addition, it needed to raise the awareness of the police managers and proliferation of organizational culture to place emphasis on balance between work and family.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.74-89
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• 2002

Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of unplanned endotracheal extubation and to identify the influencing factor of unplanned extubation in ICUs for providing baseline data in developing prevention strategies and administrative standards. the medical records and hospital information system. In order to analyze factors related to unplanned extubation, the subjects of this study were divided by unplanned extubation group and planned extubation group and were matched by its sex, age, and disease groups in a ratio of one to two. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$- test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression analysis with SPSSWIN 10.0 program. Result : 1) Forty-seven(4.99%) of 942 intubated patients experienced unplanned extubation 65 times during the twelve-month period. Thirtyfour( 72.34%) of 47 unplanned extubated patients required reintubation, whereas thirteen patients(27.66%) did not. 2) About half of unplanned extubation(46.8%) occurred during the night shift. 3) As for the nursing activity, respiratory nursing activity score(P=.0.06) and total nursing activity score(P=.011) showed statistically significant differences between unplanned extubation group and planned extubation group. 4) As for the patient status, unplanned extubation group showed more lower consciousness level(P=.000), more irritable or agitated behavior(P=.000), and had more applied physical restraints(P=.000) than planned extubation group. 5) As for the intubation related variables, unplanned extubation group revealed more intubated with respiratory failure(P=.000), more dependent on mechanical ventilation(P=.015) than planned extubation group. 6) Factors affecting unplanned extubations in intensive care unit patients were irritable or agitated behavior(odds ratio=13.757), night shift(odds ratio=7.166), and mechanical ventilation(odds ratio=6.257) from conditional logistic regression analysis. Conclusion : The most affecting factor of unplanned extubation was agitated or irritable behavior. Therefore the results of this study could be helpful to ICU nurses for meticulous care, decision making, timely intervention, and development of intervention strategies for preventing unplanned extubation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2007

Objective : The aim of this study was to analyze the treatment results and prognostic factors in patients with massive cerebral infarction who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Methods : From January 2000 to December 2005, we performed decompressive craniectomy in 24 patients with massive cerebral infarction. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, radiological findings, initial clinical assessment using the Glasgow Coma Scale, serial computerized tomography (CT) with measurement of midline and septum pellucidum shift, and cerebral infarction territories. Patients were evaluated based on the following factors : the pre- and post-operative midline shifting on CT scan, infarction area or its dominancy, consciousness level, pupillary light reflex and Glasgow Outcome Scale. Results : All 24 patients (11 men, 13 women; mean age, 63 years; right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, 17 patients; left MCA territory, 7 patients) were treated with large decompressive craniectomy and duroplasty. The average time interval between the onset of symptoms and surgical decompression was 2.5 days. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale was 12.4 on admission and 8.3 preoperatively. Of the 24 surgically treated patients, the good outcome group (Group 2 : GOS 4-5) comprised 9 cases and the poor outcome group (Group1 : GOS 1-3) comprised 15 cases. Conclusion : We consider decompressive craniectomy for large hemispheric infarction as a life-saving procedure. Good preoperative GCS, late clinical deterioration, small size of the infarction area, absence of anisocoria, and preoperative midline shift less than 11mm were considered to be positive predictors of good outcome. Careful patient selection based on the above-mentioned factors and early operation may improve the functional outcome of surgical management for large hemispheric infarction.