• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.577-587
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• 1997

Purpose : To collect and interpret basic data involving the discomfort level of platelet donors and to see which nursing interventions would help make plateletpheresis more comfortable. Methods : Using "the Platelet Donor's Discomfort Scale" developed by the researcher herself and reviewed by an expert panel, the severity of discomfort as well as factors contributing to the development of this discomfort were analyzed. This scale contained 59 items and each item was scored by the 4-point Likert manner. Between March 1, 1996 and May 31, 1996, 500 platelet donors(16 years of age and older) were enrolled in this study. The Statistical methods used were factor analysis, t-test, and ANOVA. The results were as follows : 1. The mean of the platelet donor's discomfort scale was 130, range 69-207, possible score ranging from 59-236. 2. The platelet donor's discomfort scale had psychological, environmental, physical, and time-related factors. The time- related factor was the highest positive correlation with the development of the discomfort. 3. In looking at the psychological and environmental factors of the discomfort scores, the 16-20 age group had significantly higher ratings than those of the 26-30 age group. The students' group had higher scores than the soldier's group, and those who used the V-50, MCS -3P, or the PCS Plus machines had higher scores than those who used the COBE Spectra machine(P<.05, respectively), 4. In relation to the physical factor of the discomfort score, the youngest group felt significantly more discomfort, the student's group had a higher score than the soldier's group, and those who used the V-50, MCS-3P, or or the PCS Plus machines had higher scores than those who used the COBE Spectra machine(P<.05, respectively). 5. The time related factor of the discomfort score had the highest scores in every variable, however, statistically significant differences were not found between any of the variables(P>.05). Conclusion : Based on the above results, it can be oserved that the time-related factor was the most important factor influencing discomfort. The age and job of the donor, as well as the type of machine used, were significant variables in predicting the level of discomfort, regardless of psychological, environmental, and physical factors. This data could be used to determine nursing interventions that would relieve some of the discomfort of patients, as well as donors, undergoing plateletpheresis. Furthermore, consideration of the donor's time, introduction of a platelet donor pool system, publicity and education about platelet donation are required.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2012

This study analyzes spatio-temporal variability of discomfort index for summer the during the past ten years(2001~2010) in the Korean Peninsula, and considers the application possibility of discomfort index as a preliminary data for various phenomenon of society based on the analysis. Discomfort index defined as daily representative value was estimated using hourly temperature and humidity data which are observed 60 weather stations managed by Korea Meteorological Administration. The result indicates that the discomfort index in summer keeps the level at which one feels unpleasant, and the level increased steadily as temperature is rising. And discomfort index in 3 pm and on August are the highest during the day and year. Gangwon-do have shown the lowest discomfort index among the provinces. Variability analysis of discomfort index due to climate changes can be used for making policies in various fields such as industry and public health field.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.239-249
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• 2015

This study was focused on how the various materials of footwear affect the preferences of functionality and the level of discomfort when wearing. Datas were collected using questionnaire, age of 20's to 50's of female and male. Results were analysed using SPSS WIN 2.0 through t-test and ANOVA test. Results are as follows: In the preferences of materials of footwear, datas showed the shoes are of genuine leather, the sneakers are of textiles, the sandals are of man-made leather and the boots are of genuine leather. The important factor to the preferences of the materials were the leathers in the durability, the man-made leathers in easy-care and maintenance, the rubber and the complex materials in comforts. The level of the discomforts of the footwear were highly ranked in genuine leather, the man-made leather and the complex material with man-made leather and textiles followed. Man-made leather and the textiles represented the discomfort in the ankle. Mostly discomforts of the footwear showed in the sole and the top side of the foot in all kinds of footwear. The preferences in functionality were collected by the female, also female preferred the comfort the first, male preferred the durability. And the texture and the durability were highly preferred in aged female and male.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2012

This study has developed a packaging criterion to minimize the level of discomfort which drivers using their vehicles for daily life purposes may experience due to ill designed vehicle packaging of mid-size sedan based on users' daily-life scenario. To find out optimal range of packaging dimension criterion, discomfort levels the test participants with different physical conditions suffer while performing various activities were analyzed. One hundred two test participants were carefully selected to represent entire Korean mid-size sedan owner-drivers. They were directed to test drive on the course designed to simulate mid-size sedan daily-usage scenario. At pre-designed locations, each of questions was asked to the test participants to be answered in the form of 10 point discomfort level score. By analyzing the test results, the optimal range for packaging dimensions was defined to be used as a packaging criterion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2001

It has been proposed that the acceptable level of discomfort was a valid measure of postural loading. Although the number of women employees has increased at a much faster rate than men workers did and female workers are thought to be more vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders, most previous studies dealt with perceived discomforts for joint motions focused on male subjects. This study aims to measure perceived discomfort ratings of females for static joint motions. Ten female subjects participated in the experiment measuring perceived discomforts, in which almost every possible joint motion was included and the free modulus method of the magnitude estimation was employed. The results showed that discomfort levels were dependent on the joint motions and joints, and subjective discomfort ratings of women were significantly larger than those of men.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.21 no.B
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• pp.265-272
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• 2001

The human arm is modeled by three rigid bodies(the upper arm, the forearm and the hand)with seven degree of freedom(three in the shoulder, two in the elbow and two in the wrist). The objective of this work is to present a method to determine the three-dimensional kinematics of the human elbow joint using a magnetic tracking device. Euler angle were used to determine the elbow flexion-extension, and the pronation-supination. The elbow motion for the various driving conditions is measured through the driving test using a simulator. Discomfort levels of elbow joint motions were obtained as discomfort functions, which were based on subjects' perceived discomfort level estimated by magnitude estimation. The results showed that the discomfort posture of elbow joint motions occurred in the driving motion.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aimed to prove the effect of exercise therapy on discomfort and low back pain after cerebral endovascular surgery through femoral artery. Methods: The study employed a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected from 74 participants and were divided equally into two groups as experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, exercise therapy was applied in 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours after cerebroendovascular surgery. The level of discomfort, back pain, hemorrhage, and hematoma was observed and recorded as a pretest. In the posttest, low back pain, hemorrhage, and hematoma were measured in 2.5 hours, 4.5 hours, and 6.5 hours, and discomfort was measured in 6.5 hours. The study was conducted from April to September, 2012. Data were analyzed with descriptive study, Chi-square test, t-test, repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni using SPSS/WIN 18.0 version. Results: The exercise therapy after cerebral endovascular surgery helps in reducing the level of discomfort (t=-2.37, p=.020) and low back pain (F=5.15, p=.005) without the side effects of hemorrhage or hematoma. Conclusion: Therefore, the exercise therapy was an efficient intervention for patients after cerebral endovascular surgery with discomfort and low back pain. Nurses could apply non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise therapy to avoid pharmacological side-effects.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate audiometery and characteristics related to tinnitus in tinnitus patients, and to understand the relationship between the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life. Methods: The subjects were 110 patients with tinnitus. The data were collected using tinnitus handicap questionnaire, quality of life, and pure tone audiometry, which measured hearing level in dB and frequency in Hz matching of tinnitus. Results: Majority of tinnitus patients (75.5%~81.8%) had normal auditory sensation. but 82.7% of patients indicated that they have heard tinnitus "frequently" or "always", and the major sounds of tinnitus were "wing, wung, wang". The matching sounds of tinnitus had various range in hearing level(dB) and frequency(Hz). Tinnitus patients reported moderate levels of the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life, and there were negative correlation between the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life(r=-.314, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that special attention is needed for tinnitus patients because the physical, psychological, and social impacts of tinnitus could be decrease their quality of life. Specialized nursing intervention considering specific conditions related to tinnitus is required to solve various health problems of tinnitus patients.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.197-210
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• 1999

Muscle stiffness, pain and discomfort in dally activities are cardinal symtoms on arthritis. To reduce these symtoms, a nonequivalent one-group pre & posttest experiment was carried out at a rural community health post area in Chonbuk province during eight weeks (from 25th of January to 20th of March, 1999). The subjects were sixteen rural old women(65-89yrs) with osteoarthritis. And to reduce the level of pain, discomfort in daily living and to increase that of life satisfaction, 30 minutes of flexibility exercise followed by $15{\sim}20\;minutes$ of local heat therapy were done three times a week. Pain scale from Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales developed by Meenan(1980) for pain, Jette's Daily Activity Discomfort Scales revised by Lee(1988) for discomfort and Life Satisfaction Scales developed by Youn(1982) for life satisfaction were used as research instruments. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews with Investigator and the experiments were done under demonstration and supervision of investigator in community health post. The data were analyzed in percentage and Wilcoxon sign rank sum test by SPSS/PC+ program. The result could be summarized as follows ; 1. The scores of experiment group who were applied hot bag followed by flexibility exercise were tended to be significant lower in the level of pain statistically(Z=4.949, P=0.0001). 2. The scores of experiment group who was applied hot bag followed by flexibility exercise were tended to be significant lower in the level of discomfort in daily living statistically(Z=2.7226, P=0.0279). 3. The scores of experiment group who was applied hot bag followed by flexibility exercise were tended to be higher in the level of life satisfaction, but there was no significant statistical difference(Z=-1.2087, P=0.2171). In conclusion, flexibility exercise with local heat therapy could be identified as an effective therapy to reduce pain and discomfort in daily living of the rural elderly with osteoarthritis. And as a community health practitioner, the investigator concluded that this exercise with local heat therapy could be developed as a health promotion program for the rural aged people.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2012

Objectives: The introduction of computerized numeric control (CNC) technology in manufacturing industries has revolutionized the production process, but there are some health and safety problems associated with these machines. The present study aimed to investigate the extent of postural discomfort in CNC machine operators, and the relationship of this discomfort to the display and control panel height, with a view to validate the anthropometric recommendation for the location of the display and control panel in CNC machines. Methods: The postural discomforts associated with CNC machines were studied in 122 male operators using Corlett and Bishop's body part discomfort mapping, subject information, and discomfort level at various time intervals from starting to end of a shift. This information was collected using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA. Results: Neck discomfort due to the positioning of the machine displays, and shoulder and arm discomfort due to the positioning of controls were identified as common health issues in the operators of these machines. The study revealed that 45.9% of machine operators reported discomfort in the lower back, 41.8% in the neck, 22.1% in the upper-back, 53.3% in the shoulder and arm, and 21.3% of the operators reported discomfort in the leg. Conclusion: Discomfort increased with the progress of the day and was highest at the end of a shift; subject age had no effect on patient tendency to experience discomfort levels.