• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 1980

The purpose of this study is ti find out a desirable way to stability and improvement of household economy by studying the changes of consumption level and consumption pattern of urban salary and wage earners' households during the years from 1970 to 1978. For this study, "Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure survey" (Published by the Bureau of Statistics, Economics Planning Board) has been used as basic material, and the methods of analysis used here are the time series analysis. We have gained the results as follows: 1) From 1970 to 198, the total income level increased at the rate of 416.2% in nominal price, but only 74.4% in reql price, while the total expenditure level showed 338.5% increase in nominal price, but its real increased proved only 418.2% in consideration of inflation. APC decreased from 95.1%(in 1970) to 80.7%(in 1978). 2) As for the expenditure pattern for the above mentioned nine years, the rate of food expenditure increased until 1975 under the price influence, but it trended to decease there after on . The rate of housing expenditure showed a gradual increase while that of fuel and light expenditure was on the decrease. The rate of clothing expenditure had been on the decease until 1974 but it began to increase gradually thereafter on. The trend of miscellaneous expenditures was irregularly up and down, educational expences being the first rank among them, Non-living expenditure had been constant until 1974 but it decreased a little after that. From the results it was found that the consumption level of the salary and wage earners' household in all cities from 1970 to 1978 was not practically improved because of rise in prices, nor was the Engel's coefficient and the rate of miscellaneous expenditure changed distinctively. However, as the successive decrease of APC suggests the possibility of economic development, we must try to put stress on economy in consumption and on encouraging. This will help run our household economy in safety and stability.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.36-57
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• 2010

The degree of income inequality deepened by health care expenditure was useful in assessing the health security level. This exploratory study was conducted to provide a basic evidence to prove the necessity of reinforcement the benefit coverage of South Korea's health security systems. Data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of Korea and Luxembourg Income Study were used. Income inequality indices before and after deduction of health care expenditure were computed, and the degree of the increase in the indices was compared among 13 countries. The degree of decrease against the effect of income inequality reduction policies by health care expenditure was determined. The relationships between the national characteristics and the increase in income inequality were examined. In South Korea, all income inequality indices increased after deducting health care expenditure, but the difference was not high compared to the mean of 13 countries. However, the degree of decrease against the effect of income inequality reduction policies by health care expenditure was high, compared to the mean of 13 countries. The proportion of public sector spending on health care proved to be statistically significant with the increase of income inequality indices (p<0.05). In the context of the continuous increase in health care expenditure, if benefit coverage of health security systems is not reinforced, income inequality will all the more increase due to health care expenditure. In the establishment of the policies for reinforcement of the benefit coverage, income inequality after deduction of health care expenditure should be continuously monitored.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between happiness and Yangsaeng in university students of the Republic of Korea. Yangsaeng is a traditional health care regimen that incorporates specific principles and methods with the purpose of improving the health and longevity of life. Methods: The subjects of this study were 358 university students in Korea. Data were collected by using a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, hierarchial multiple regression, and Cronbach's alpha. Results: Practicing Yangsaeng yielded a statistically significant difference depending on the subject's satisfaction with his/her major, monthly household income, and smoking tendencies. In comparison, the statistical degree of happiness depended on the subject's satisfaction with the his/her major, monthly household income, and boyfriend or girlfriend situations. Yangsaeng was positively correlated with happiness (r=.66, p<.001). Hierarchial multiple regression showed that the Yangsaeng explained 43% of happiness, and if major satisfaction, monthly household income, and boyfriend or girlfriend situations were also considered, this model explained 56% of happiness. Conclusion: The Yangsaeng oriental health care regimen could produce a higher happiness level. Therefore, Yangsaeng could be recommended as a useful means of promoting health and happiness.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.207-219
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of suicide attempts and non-attempts of the elderly living alone and the subjects in this study were 690 elderly persons living alone in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. For data analysis, this study used descriptive analysis, mean comparison correlation analysis, and binominal logistic regression analysis using PASW 20.0. To explain the suicide attempts of elderly persons who live alone, variables such as sex, age education level, monthly household income, religion, subjective economic status, subjective health status, ADL/IADL, depression, hopelessness, social support, and stress were used. The findings of the study were as follows: First, 9.2 percent(64) of the elderly living alone had attempted suicide and 90.8 percent(626) had never attempted suicide. Second, monthly household income, hopelessness, and social support were identified as the factors that affected their suicide attempts. In other words, the elderly living alone who had lower monthly household income, less social support, and greater feelings of hoprlessness had made more suicide attempts. As it is a cross-sectional research using data from non-probability sampling, this has a limitation in generality sampling, this has a limitation in generalizing the study results. To overcome this limitation, longitudinal research using data from probability sampling is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.74-86
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• 2020

Purpose: This study identified the factors that influenced the food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia among Senegal mothers. Methods: The subjects were 155 mothers in Dakar, Senegal. We surveyed 21 questions concerning their knowledge of iron deficiency anemia, the perceived severity and perceived benefits, self-confidence, food preferences and food-intake practices during the period from December 4, 2017 to December 29, 2017. Results: The factors significantly related to food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia included having a female head of household with male support (β=0.249, p=.003) and being in the 5th quintile of income level (β=0.386, p=.003). Conclusion: The results of regression analysis showed that the head of household and income level are factors that influenced the food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia. Therefore, economic factors and the structure of the household must be considered to achieve success for Senegalese iron deficiency anemia projects.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.6 s.220
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• pp.163-174
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to examine the level and trends in household clothing expenditure in Korea. Raw data sets produced by the National Statistical Office from the Family Income and Expenditure Survey from 1991 to 2004 were used to support time-series and cross-sectional analyses. The clothing expenditures decreased severely and quickly during the economic crisis of late 1997 through 1998, then increased slowly after the economic crisis until 2003, only to slightly decrease again in 2004. The ratio of clothing expenditure to total household expenditure decreased from 8.03% in 1991 to 5.11% in 2004. This decrease in relative clothing expenditure was greater in the lower income group than in the middle and high income groups. Clothing expenditure patterns were unique and differed from other household expenditures. Although the economic crisis in the late 1990s affected Korean consumers' clothing expenditure, clothing expenditure patterns showed a more fundamental and structural change from 1991 to 2004, with the overall decrease in such expenditure resulting from the concurrent increase in educational and information-communication related expenditures. Clothing expenditure was shown to be luxurious through cross-sectional analysis, but necessary through time-series analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.205-222
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to examine urban household's monthly expenses for public pension and to analyze the contributing factors. Data for this study were from the 2002 Urban Household Survey and consisted of a sample of 21,093 urban households. Statistics used for the analysis were frequencies, means, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The major findings were as follows ; First, the average urban household monthly payment for the public pension was 104,036 won, consisting of 102,757 won for single earner households and 106,014 won for dual earner households. Second, the highest expenses for monthly public pension was urban households, followed by male household head(HH), HH's age from 41-50 years, HH's educational level was college, HH's job was public servant, family didn't live in Seoul, family w3s an extended family and family owned the house. Third, the significant factors affecting the urban household's monthly public pension were HH's gender, age, educational level, type of job, region, type of family, number of children, type of earner, monthly total income, increase of asset in a month and house ownership.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.34-41
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• 2012

The aim of this paper is to depict the social problems common to South Korea and Japan by comparing their consumption behaviors. For that purpose, we utilize the Survey of Household Economy of both countries and attempt to determine the similarities and differences between the two countries. Our empirical analysis revealed the following. First, although both countries are aging, the first quartile (the poorest in under the definition in this paper) in South Korea has aged more rapidly than in to Japan. As the wages in these two countries formerly increased with age, this substantial divergence in the age composition in the poorest quartile is a remarkable change and suggests that income inequality has been more widely spreading out in South Korea than in Japan. Furthermore, the education expenditure ratio in South Korea is statistically significant for higher income level, while this is not the case in Japan. If the opportunity for better education is dominated by wealthier households, the prompt implementation of a policy to break this vicious circle is necessary in South Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1994

The annual income (gross margin) in 1989/90 of a sample of 274 farmers in seven milk cooperatives was analyzed in the sugar cane, cassava, and horticulture areas in East Java. On average dairying contributed 42%, crops 29% and off-farm revenue 29%. Dairy income was highest in the cassava area, where it compensated for the low crop income, and lowest in the sugar cane area. Farm area and average milk yield per day per cow correlated positively with farmer's income, whereas crop income increase significantly with farm area and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and on total income. Government officials and other professionals engaged in dairying had a significantly higher total income than those with their main occupation in dairying, cropping or working as farm labourers. Uneducated farmers obtained a significantly larger income through crops, whereas farmers with tertiary education obtained more income through off-farm work, This study suggests that more attention must be paid to the actual use of labour and the improvement of the dairy output/cost ratio.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.33-59
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• 2017

In this paper, we describe the economic model of Becker's demand for child and examine whether the number of children and spending on private education in Korea can be explained by this model. The results show that household income has no significant effect on the number of children but has a significant positive effect on the spending on private education per child. These results suggest that the low fertility rate in Korea may increase the demand of parents for the quality of their children due to the increase of household income. And the higher the household income, the parents' education level and the child's age, the higher the spending on private education per child. These results show that there is a possibility of education and wealth transfer between parents and children through educational investment.