• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제48권6호
• /
• pp.1245-1252
• /
• 2011

Consider the $L^2$-adjoint $s_g^{'*}$ of the linearization of the scalar curvature $s_g$. If ker $s_g^{'*}{\neq}0$ on an n-dimensional compact manifold, it is well known that the scalar curvature $s_g$ is a non-negative constant. In this paper, we study the structure of the level set ${\varphi}^{-1}$(0) and find the behavior of Ricci tensor when ker $s_g^{'*}{\neq}0$ with $s_g$ > 0. Also for a nontrivial solution (g, f) of $z=s_g^{'*}(f)$ on an n-dimensional compact manifold, we analyze the structure of the regular level set $f^{-1}$(-1). These results give a good understanding of the given manifolds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.1034-1042
• /
• 2010

This study aimed to determine the optimum dietary crude protein level in a typical diet for fattening pigs fed ad libitum under normal climate conditions in Central Vietnam. One hundred and ninety two gilts of Mong Cai local breed (MC), $F_1$ Large White${\times}$Mong Cai and $F_2$ crossbreds of (Landrace${\times}$Mong Cai)${\times}$Large White were used. At the start of the experiment, Mong Cai pigs weighed 12 kg at 11 weeks of age, $F_1$ pigs 12.1 kg at 8 weeks of age and $F_2$ pigs 12.2 kg at 8 weeks of age. Four diets differing in crude protein (CP) content (10.1, 13.1, 16.1 and 18.9% in DM) were formulated from rice bran, corn meal, cassava meal and fish meal. Calculated digestible energy content of the diets ranged from 13.5 to 13.8 MJ per kg DM. Pigs were housed individually in pens of $2.5\;m^2$ each and had ad libitum access to feed in a trough as well as water in bowls. The final weights after a growing period of 150 days were 66, 86 and 96 kg for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$, respectively. Feed intake of MC pigs was highest at 13.1% CP while $F_1$ and $F_2$ had the highest feed intake at 16.1% CP. The results showed that for MC the maximum gain was obtained at levels between 13 to 16% CP. For the $F_1$ the maximum gain was at dietary protein levels of 16-17%. For $F_2$ the max gain was obtained at CP levels of 16 to 18%. Feed conversion was highest in MC pigs (~4.0) followed by $F_1$ (~3.3) and $F_2$ (~3.1), and within genotypes was lowest at the optimum CP level (p<0.05). Back fat thickness in MC (33.1 mm), $F_1$ (23.0 mm) and $F_2$ (20.5 mm) pigs was different and within genotypes was the lowest at intermediate CP levels. In conclusion, increasing the dietary crude protein contents in practical diets for pigs in Vietnam can increase production on small holder farms. Optimal performance for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$ pigs is achieved at different dietary crude protein contents.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.189-193
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 $\varepsilon$-polylysine, 키토을리고당, 복합황금추출(BMB-FS)을 조합한 10가지 혼합조성물의 효모에 대한 항균력을 평가하여 식품산업에 적용하고자 하였다. 천연항균제 10종의 formula에 따라 각 효모의 성장 속도가 차이가 났으나, 14일까지는 균수가 증가하였고 $14{\sim}28$ 일 사이에 항균효과가 나타나 28일 이후에는 S. cerevisiae, Z. bailii, P. anolmala는 검출한계 (ND < 10 CFU/mL)이하까지 감소하여 천연항균제에 민감한 반응을 보였다. P. membranaefaciens는 가장 저항성이 강한 균으로 14일까지 $0.12{\sim}1.48\;\log_{10}\;CFU$/mL가 증가하였으나, 28일이 지난 후 $1.61{\sim}3.55\;\log_{10}\;CFU$/mL가 감소하였고, F10에서는 2 개월이 지난 후 검출한계 이하로 감소하여 가장 항균효과가 크게 나타났다. 대부분 6개월이 지난 후 $2.68{\sim}s.62\;\log_{10}\;CFU$/mL가 감소한 것으로 나타났다. C. albicans는 두 번째로 저항성이 강한 균으로 14일까지 $0.13{\sim}28\;\log_{10}\;CFU$/mL가 증가하였으나 $14{\sim}28$일 사이에 감소하기 시작하여 28일 째에는 $1.51{\sim}5.30\;\log_{10}\;CFU$/mL가 감소하였고, F2, F4, F5, F6, F10은 검출한계 이하로 감소시켰다. 6개월이 지난 후에는 F1, F3, F8, F9도 검출한계 이하로 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 기능성 음료의 효모에 의한 변질을 막을 수 있는 천연 항균제 조성물을 개발하여 실용화 하고자 하였다.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the mental health and self-care activities according to perceived stress level in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The descriptive survey design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and fifty-two diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Students' t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The high, moderate, and low stress groups according to perceived stress score consisted of 30.9%, 38.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. Differences of mental health and total self-care activities among the three groups were statistically significant. Depression (F=46.73, p<.001), trait anger (F=5.75, p<.01), and anger expression-in (F=4.60, p<.01) of participants in the high stress group were higher than other groups, whereas the total of self-care activities (F=2.85, p<.05) and exercise (F=3.49, p<.05) were lower than other groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome with a high stress level were low in self-care activities along with elevated depression and anger.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.185-190
• /
• 2011

Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors have been used for gene transfer to a wide variety of cell types in vivo and in vitro. The advantages of adenovirus vectors include the high titer of virus readily obtained in large scale preparations, their ability to transduce dividing and non dividing cells, and the high level of transgene expression. Since adenovirus vectors do not integrate in host cell DNA, there is a lack of insertional mutagenesis. However, many human tumor cells lack expression of the adenovirus 5 receptors and contain areas of hypoxia. In order to identify the pattern of replication and gene expression of oncolytic adenovirus in hypoxic condition, multiple different fiber modified Ads (Ad5F/S11, Ad5F/S35, Ad5F/K7, Ad5F/K21, and Ad5F/RGD) was compared. The replication of all fiber modified adenovirus was inhibited in hypoxic condition in HEK 293 cells, but gene expression has variety on different tumor cell lines and the level of coxackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression. These data suggest that CAR expression pattern and hypoxic condition of tumor are considered for optimal oncolytic adenovirus application.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.1059-1071
• /
• 2008

In a balanced factorial design with a nested factor where crossed factors as well as a nested factor exist simultaneously, powers of the rank transformed FR statistic for testing the main, nested and interaction effects are superior to those of the parametric F statistic. In heavy tailed distributions such as exponential and double exponential distributions, powers of the FR statistic show much higher level than those of the F statistic. Further powers of the F and FR statistic for testing the main effect show the highest level in an absolute size as compared with powers of the F and FR statistic for testing the nested and interaction effects. However powers of the FR statistic for testing the nested and interaction effects rather than the main effect are greater in a relative size than powers of F statistic for the all population distributions.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.391-397
• /
• 2010

E2F transcription factors and their target genes have been known to play an important role in cell growth control. We found that curcumin, a polyphenolic phytochemical isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, markedly suppressed E2F4 expression in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide was also found to decrease E2F4 protein level, indicating the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in curucmin-induced downregulation of E2F4 expression. Involvement of ROS in E2F4 downregulation in response to curcumin was confirmed by the result that pretreatment of cells with N-acetylcystein (NAC) before exposure of curcumin almost completely blocked the reduction of E2F4 expression at the protein as well as mRNA level. Anti-proliferative effect of curcumin was also suppressed by NAC which is consistent to previous reports showing curcumin-superoxide production and induction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage as well as apoptosis. Expression of several genes, cyclin A, p21, and p27, which has been shown to be regulated in E2F4-dependent manner and involved in the cell cycle progression was also affected by curcumin. Moreover, decreased (cyclin A) and increased (p21 and p27) expression of these E2F4 downstream genes by curcumin was restored by pretreatment of cells with NAC and E2F4 overexpression which is induced by doxycycline. In addition, E2F4 overexpression was observed to partially ameliorate curcumin-induced growth inhibition by cell viability assay. Taken together, we found curcumin-induced ROS down-regulation of E2F4 expression and modulation of E2F4 target genes which finally lead to the apoptotic cell death in HCT116 colon cancer cells, suggesting that E2F4 appears to be a novel determinant of curcumin-induced cytotoxicity.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.8-15
• /
• 2009

This study was examined to find out asbestos exposure level the factors which affected the level at asbestos abatement sites. We visited a total of thirteen building demolition sites(3 apartments, 3 schools, 4 stores, and 3 houses) were visited to collect samples and related data from August to November, 2006. The results of this study were as follows 1. The results of an analysis of bulk samples to identify types of asbestos at the asbestos abatement sites showed that the kinds of the asbestos detected were chrysotile by 50.0%, were tremolite by 2.6%, and were the contents of chrysotile by 3 to 20%. 2. The geometric mean concentration of asbestos was 0.007 f/cc(range 0.001-0.34 f/cc) and its geometric standard deviation was 5.83. Of the samples, however, 12 exceeded the Korean Occupational Exposure Limit(0.1f/cc). 3. Of the materials, textile material had the highest concentration with geometric mean of 0.016 f/cc. When asbestos-containing materials were removed using T type tools, the geometric mean concentration of asbestos was 0.061 f/cc. The level by this method was much higher than by other removal methods. In analysis by the type of building, the geometric mean concentration of asbestos in stores was 0.042 f/cc and was higher than in other buildings. 4. The Poisson regression analysis was applied to find out the factors that affect the airborne asbestos concentration. As a result of the analysis, removal using a T type tool was the most important factor affecting the asbestos concentration(p<0.01). In conclusion, the airborne asbestos concentration(geometric mean) in asbestos abatement sites was 0.007 f/cc(0.001~0.34 f/cc), and 12(14.6%) of all samples were over the 0.1 f/cc. These results showed that asbestos abatement workers have been exposed to the high level of airborne asbestos because they have not been keeping asbestos removal rule. In accordance with increases of the number of building demolition sites, the better government regulation on asbestos abatement methods should be made and be performed well at building demolition sites.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
• /
• 제2권
• /
• pp.60-76
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analysis level on family caregiver's burden for the elderly with senile dementia in a rural area and to choose priority care group, thereby facilitating the development of interventions to reduce the caregiver's burden. For this purpose, data were collected by questionaire from June 10 to October 8, 1994. The instruments for data collection were Caregiver Burden Inventory by Novak(1989) and Zarit et al(1982), severity of dementia by Hughes Scales (1982), ADL by Lawton (1971), patients' family caregiving activity by pre-survey and reference review(Lee, 1993 ; Jang, 1990 ; Yoo, 1982). The subjects were 60 family caregiver of senile dementia in a rural area. The data was analysed by the use of t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression. The results were as follows : 1. Total burden was evaluated over average, the mean of family burden was 61.24. 2. Significant variables which were correlated to the family caregiver's burden were the severity of dementia(F=30.52, p<0.001), ADL(F=5.43, p<0.01), PADL(F=6.14, p<0.01), caregiver's health status(F=6.05, p<0.01), a view of patient's prognosis(F=4.08, p<0.05), the number of hours per day spent on caregiving(F=19.64, p<0.001), level of intimacy of caregiver and patients(F=7.16, p<0.001), the frequency of caregiving activity(F=5.31, p<0.01). 3. ADL was the most important predictor to family caregiver burden(R2=0.6611). In addition to this, the severity of dementia, level of intimacy of caregiver and patient, relationship with the patient accounted for 79% of family caregiver burden. 4. The criteria of priority care group were as follows ; the mean of family caregiver burden was above 58, above of moderate ADL, the number of hours per day spent on caregiving above of 8 hours, above of moderate dementia. By the the severity of dementia, number of priority care group, mild dementia was 10(43.4%), moderate dementia 23 (92.0%), sever dementia 12(100.0%).

• 동서간호학연구지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.43-55
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study was a descriptive study to assess the relationships between acculturative stress and current perception of stress in Korean immigrants. Methods: The subjects consisted of 154 community-dwelling Korean immigrant living in the USA. Data collection was conducted through the use of questionnaires. The instruments for this study were Acculturative stress (12 items), The Global Assessment of Recent Scale(8 items). The collected data were analysed using SPSS PC 12.0 Programme for Frequency, Percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test and Pearson's correlation coefficient according to the purpose of this study. Results: 1) The average item score for acculturative stress was 17.17. The average item score for current perception of stress was 26.56. 2) Acculturative stress was positively related to current perception of stress (r=.360, p<.01). 3) Acculturative stress was significantly different according to educational level (F=2.709, p=.047), occupation (F=16.202, p=.000), perceived income comfort level (F=26.666, p=.000), and type of residence (F=2.672, p=.050). The Current perception of stress was significantly different according to age (F=7.380, p=.000), marital status (F=5.354, p=.006), perceived income comfort level (F=12.738, p=.000), and type of residence(F=4.207, p=.007). Conclusion: Theses findings help to clarify relationships between acculturative stress and current perception of stress in Korean immigrants. Therefore, the result of study provide clues for the quality of life of Korean immigrants.