• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.42-47
• /
• 1998

The chemiluminescent (CL) response of phagocytes from juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, which were administered orally with levamisole was investigated. The fish intubated with doses of levamisole either at 0.5mg $kg^-$ or 1 mg $kg^-$body weight showed significant increase in CL responses at two weeks after the administration. The increased extent of CL in the fish exposed to 0.5 mg $kg^-$ body weight was considerably lower than that in the fish exposed to 1 mg $kg^-$. The fish exposed to 5 mg $kg^-$ body weight showed a steady and significant increase of CL response after the intubation. The fish intubated with 10 mg of levamisole $kg^-$ body weight, however, showed no significant differences in CL response after the administration. In the experiment of feeding experimental diet, a lower dose of levamisole induced immunostimulation of phagocytes, but higher doses of levamisole induced immunosuppression of phagocytes. At one week after marking and blood sampling, plasma glucose level was significantly increased in the control group and the group intubated 0.5 mg levamisole/kg body weight. However, the fish in another groups, which were administered higher levels of levamisole, showed no significant difference in glucose level after marking and blood sampling. The result of the present study suggests that levamisole can be used as a potent immunostimulator in rockfish by oral administration, and the immunomodulating activity of levamisole depends on the dosage used.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.329-333
• /
• 2004

Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) head kidney (HK) leukocytes were incubated with $10^3$ to $10^{-3}$ ng levamisole/ml for 4, 24 or 48 h and then assayed for their natural cytotoxic activity against xenogeneic tumor cells. This activity was slightly increased after 24 h of incubation. In a second experiment, fish were fed 0, 75, 150 or 300 mg levamisole/kg diet for 10 consecutive days. The fish were then fed a commercial non-supplemented diet and sampled 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 weeks post-administration of levamisole. The cytotoxic activity was found to be increased with increasing levamisole dose and remained greatly enhanced until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, levamisole enhanced flounder natural cytotoxic cell activity both in vitro and in vivo and had a great lasting action when administered by feeding.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.309-314
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between the pharmacological mechanism of levamisole and the cellular activity of cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) in kidney cells. The results of our investigation were as follows. 1. Cellular ALPase activity in Macacus rhesus monkey kidney cells (MA 104 cells) and primary cultured rabbit kidney proximal tubular cells treated with levamisole was increased about two or three times than control. However, 50% of ALPase activity in cultured medium was inhibited by levamisole itself. 2. The proliferation of MA 104 and cultured rabbit kidney proximal tubular cells was linearly decreased in paralleled with increase of levamisole concentration $(50\;and\;500\;{mu}M)$ with MTT test. 3. In the heat stability tests, the inhibition of ALPase activity with and without levamisole at $56^{\circ}C$ in MA 104 cells showed different $IC_{50}$ values. 4. HPLC analysis of levamisole metabolites produced by cultured MA 104 cells suggested that the formation of a metabolite, that may be associated with its increase of cellular ALPase activity. Based on these results, we assumed that the increase of cellular ALPase activity by levamisole was evoked by modification of the ALPase catalytic sites.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.675-678
• /
• 2012

The study examined the effect of levamisole on the natural cytotoxic cell (NCC) activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) head kidney (HK) leukocytes. In vitro, HK leukocytes were incubated with $10^{-4}$ to $10^4$ ng of levamisole/ml for 5, 20 or 40 h and then their NCC activity against target cells was assayed. The NCC activity appeared to increase after a 20 h of incubation. In vivo, tilapia were fed commercial diet containing 0, 50, 100 or 300 mg of levamisole/kg for 12 consecutive days. Then, the fish were fed a commercial normal diet and samples harvested weekly 0 to 8 weeks after levamisole administration. The NCC activity was augmented uniformly at all times examined until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, levamisole effectively enhanced and maintained tilapia NCC activity.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 2001

목 적 : 소아의 스테로이드 의존형 및 빈번 재발형 신증후군에 사용되는 스테로이드 장기투여, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin등은 성장 장애나 생식선 장애, 신독성등 여러 가지 부작용을 일으킬 수 있다. 이에 저자들은 최근 시도되고 있는 면역 조절제인 levamisole을 스테로이드 의존형 신증후군 환아에게 투여하여 이의 효과와 부작용을 관찰하고, 또한 기존의 제제를 사용한 치료 효과와 비교하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 대상환아는 1990년부터 2000년까지 연세대학교 세브란스병원 소아과에서 cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin등의 면역 억제 치료를 받고도 만족할 만한 관해가 유지되지 못하고 자주 재발하는 스테로이드 의존형 신증후군 환아 16례로 하였다. 치료시작 당시 연령분포는 3.7세에서 13.2세까지 평균 $9.1{\pm}2.5세$였고, 남녀비는 15:1이었으며, 조직검사상 모두 MCNS로 진단되었다. 이들에게 levamisole을 1일 체중당 2.5 mg을 격일 요법으로 12개월간 경구 투여하고 스테로이드 제제를 감량 투여하며 재발빈도, 치료결과를 조사하였다. 결 과 : Levamisole 치료를 받았던 환아들은 치료 시작 평균 14일에 모든 환아에서 완전 관해를 나타내었으며 1년간의 치료기간중 재발하지 않은 경우가 8례($50\%$)였으며, 재발한 경우도 8례였다. 치료 기간중 평균 재발 횟수는 연간 $0.77{\pm}0.9회$로 치료전의 연간 $2.18{\pm}0.9회$회에 비해 의미있게 감소하였으며(P=0.027), 치료후 평균 재발 횟수 역시 연간 $1.34{\pm}1.1회$로 치료전에 비해 의미있게 감소하였다(P=0.003). Levamisole 치료전 관해 유지 기간은 평균 $12.2{\pm}9.1개월$이었고, levamisole 치료후의 관해 유지 기간은 평균 $10.1{\pm}6.9개월$로 의미있는 차이가 없었다. Levamisole 치료후 나타날 수 있는 leukopenia, 피부 질환 및 그외의 임상적으로 의미있는 부작용은 나타나지 않았다. 결 론 : 스테로이드 의존형 신증후군 환아의 치료에서 levamisole의 장기사용은 큰 부작용없이 재발의 빈도를 감소시켜 안정적 관해 유지를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 관해 유지 기간은 levamisole 치료전 다른 치료를 했을 때와 별 차이가 없었으나 좀 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 치료 후 장기간의 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의사회지
• /
• 제19권7호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 1983

A Total of 15 cows with 26 Quarters affected with chronic mastitis in Anyang Area were used in this experiment. Levamisole was effective against chronic bovine mastitis by enhancing the immune response in cows. 1. Levamisole treatment was $65.0\%$

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제49권2호
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 2011

The comparative efficacy of 2 anthelmintics (ivermectin and levamisole) against Baylisascaris transfuga migrating and encapsulated larvae was studied in mice. A total of 60 BALB/c mice inoculated each with about 1,000 embryonated B. transfuga eggs were equally divided into 6 groups (A-F) randomly. Mice of groups A and B were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 3 post-infection (PI). Mice of groups A-C were killed on day 13 PI. Similarly, groups D and E were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 14 PI, and all mice of groups D-F were treated on day 24 PI. The groups C and F were controls. Microexamination was conducted to count the larvae recovering from each mouse. The percentages of reduction in the number of migrating larvae recovered from group A (ivermectin) and B (levamisole) were 88.3% and 81.1%, respectively. In addition, the reduction in encapsulated larvae counts achieved by ivermectin (group D) and levamisole (group E) was 75.0% and 49.2%, respectively. The results suggested that, to a certain extent, both anthelmintics appeared to be more effective against migrating larvae than encapsulated larvae. However, in the incipient stage of infection, ivermectin may be more competent than levamisole as a larvicidal drug for B. transfuga.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 1994

In order to develop a broad-spectrum veterinary anthelmintic, a combined preparation of nitroxynil and levamisole was formulated for subcutaneous injection. The preformulation studies on solubilization, physicochemical stability and toxicity of combined preparation were performed. The combined preparation of nitroxynil-N-ethylglucamine and levamisole base could be solubilized up to 50.3%(w/v) of active ingredient concentration in propylene glycol/water system. Injectable solutions were most stable at $4^{\circ}C$. Local toxicities such as flare and edema were not shown when the usual dose of the combined preparation was injected subcutaneously to the rats.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.441-447
• /
• 1991

In this study, effect of levamisole, selenium and tocopherol on the lymphocyte blastogenesis and antibody production in Korean native goat were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Lymphocyte blastogenesis of goat blood increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) when the cells were treated in vitro with levamisole at the concentration of $50{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$, with selenium at the concentration of $0.062{\sim}1.0{\mu}g$ and with tocopherol nt the concentration on $12.5{\mu}g$. Increased lymphocyte blastogenesis was detected from 2 to 24 hours after oral administration of levamisole (2.5mg/kg of body weight). After 7 days, increased mitogenic response of lymphocytes was not detected. Meanwhile increased blastogenesis of lymphocyte from goats given the selenium-tocopherol mixture (selenium $100{\mu}g$-tocopherol 200IU/head/day) was detected from 10 days after feeding, and the tendency continued throughout the entire experimental period. When immune responses of goats against PPD were subjected to test by ELISA, the mean IgG titers of levamisolc group (1 : 1,800) and selenium-tocopherol group (1 : 960) were higher than that of control group (1 : 600) at 2 weeks after lst inoculation. At 3 weeks after lst inoculation and 1 week after 2nd inoculation, the significant (p<0.05) differences in IgG titers were detected among the three groups. The mean IgG titers of levamisole group, selenium-tocopherol group and control at that time were 1 : 20,480, 1 : 5,120 and 1 : 2,640, respectively. The IgG production of levamisole group was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of control group.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.36-40
• /
• 1998

This experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of levamisole (LMS) in 5. fgrjn challenged eels with different treatment regimens: 7-day LMS treatment before the challenge, 7-day LMS treatment started simultaneously with the challenge, 14-day treatment before and after the challenge. The antibacterial effect was activated in all treated groups, with the best being obtained in the simultaneously treated group. LMS stimulated the defense mechanisms of the eel as demonstrated by increase in the level of total protein, albumin, trypsin inhibitor capacity, lysozyme activity, antibody titers antibacterial activity and survival rate. These results suggest that antibacterial effects of LMS was achieved by not only non-specific immune response but also specific one in eel.