• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.934-942
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• 2011

This study was intended to analyze conventional grading increments and methods for middle-age men's pants, and to suggest new grading guidelines that will enable to improve satisfaction with size and silhouette as a result of combining the concept of grading, which help maintain the ratio and proportion by sizes as one of ready-made apparel's advantages, with body form oriented and aesthetic approaches. In the apparel industry, the current sizing specifications and methods adopted by relevant companies, as well as the characteristics of body forms of men aged 35 to 55 years were comparatively analyzed to find out problems and ultimately to suggest their solutions or improvements. It was considered that as the conventional grading practices used in the industry were customary on the basis of the past experiences, it was required to take the body forms of target consumers into account and also, to reconsider the conventional grading methods. Analyses of sizing and specifications by brands show that 4 to 19 sizes including 82 or 84 as standard size have been produced. Since men's apparel has a large number of sizes with the large range of sizes, grading is critically important. As silhouettes depend on the distribution of grading rule values at each point of increment pattern in the main regions during grading, it is necessary to consider both size grading and form variations. To maintain an appropriate silhouette with keeping the angle of center back line of a pattern, it is desirable to set the ratio of side line part to center part from the crease line to approximately 3:7. It is required to diversify the values of grading rules according to different sizes and pattern regions in consideration for the body forms of key consumers. In addition, if the natural lines of designs and patterns for the width increments of waist circumference and hip circumference, the increments of hip width in pant's front and back panels, the ratio of grading rule values of the right and left sides of crease line, knee circumference, thigh circumference and so on are taken into account, grading will be satisfactory in the all aspects of size, silhouette and ratio.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.9 s.266
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• pp.659-667
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• 2006

Background: Experimental studies of vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries have been performed actively. These models required a persistent vascular insult for intimal injury induced by chronic hypoxia, monocrotaline intoxication or chronic air embolism and characterized medial hypertrophy and neointimal formation by active synthesis of the extracellular matrix protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of pulmonary vascular remodeling after obstruction of the pulmonary vein. Material and Method: Obstruction of the right pulmonary vein with a metal clip was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats $(352{\pm}18g,\;n=10)$ to cause pulmonary vascular disease. Fifteen days later, experimental studies were done and finally the both lungs and hearts were extirpated for experimental measurement. Pulmonary arterial pressure, weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle (LV) and ventricular septum (S) (RV/LV +S weight ratio), and pulmonary artery morphology (percent wall thickness, %WT) were evaluated and compared with normal control groups. Result: Pulmonary hypertension $(38{\pm}12mmHg\;vs\;13{\pm}4mmHg;\;p<0.05)$ and right ventricular hypertrophy (right ventricular/left ventricular and septal weight ratio, $0.52{\pm}0.07\;vs\;0.35{\pm}0.04;\;p<0.05$) with hypertrophy of the muscular layer of the pulmonary arterial wall (percent wall thickness, $22.4{\pm}6.7%\;vs\;6.7{\pm}3.4%;\;p<0.05$) were developed by 15 days after obstruction of the pulmonary vein. Conclusion: Obstruction of the pulmonary vein developed elevation of pulmonary blood pressure and medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary artery. These results are a part of the characteristic vascular remodeling. Theses results demonstrate that obstruction of the pulmonary vein can develope not only high pulmoanry blood flow of contralateral lung but also intima injury inducing vascular remodeling.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 1979

A Clinical analysis of 64 patients of thoracic empyema was done who received surgical intervention at Dept. of Thoracic Surgery of the Chosun University Hospital in the period of 3 years from September 1976 to October 1979. Following was the results: 1. Seven cases [10.9%] were under the age of 15 years, 16 cases [25%] was between 15-30 years and 41 cases [64.1%] was above the age of 30 years. A proportion of children and adult was 1:8. 2. Male and female ratio was 3:1. Right and left side pleural cavity ratio was 2.4:1. 3. Predisposing factors were pneumonia [35.9%] and pulmonary tuberculosis [28.1%]. 4. Most frequently encountered symptoms were dyspnea, cough, chest pain and fever in order. 5. Etiologic organisms were confirmed in 39 cases [86.7%] which requested in 45 cases. Staphylococcal infections were 11 cases and streptococcal, pneumococcal pseudomonas infection was infected in order. 6. Pneumothorax was associated with empyema on 21 cases [32.8%]; among those 13 cases [61.9%] were tuberculous in nature. 7. Sensitivity test was revealed that Minocin was most very sensitive drug, and next Erythromycin, Gentamycin and Penbrex in order. But most resistant drugs were Penicillin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin and Tetracycline in order. 8. Treatments were combined with antibiotics therapy and several surgical procedures for empyema. 26 cases [40.6%] were treated with closed thoracotomy drainage, 17 cases [26.6%] with open thoracotomy tube drainage and 9 cases decortication and 9 cases thoracoplasty. 9. 2 death cases occurred in 64 cases of thoracic empyema, and 79.7% cases were discharged with recovery and improvement.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 1997

The aim of this study is to find the relationship between interictal psychiatric symptoms and seizure-related variables such as structural changes, regional interictal perfusion changes, the number of interictal epileptic discharges and the presence of accompanying generalized tonic clonic seizure(GTC). The subjects were 75 patients (47 males : mean age $28.3{\pm}7.7$) with intractable epilepsy, Interictal psychiatric symptoms were rated by Symptom Checklist-90-R(SCL-90-R). Each of 4 seizure variables was measured by MRI, $^{99m}TC-HMPAO$ SPECT and the prolonged EEG monitoring. The mean SCL-90-R subscale T-scores and the ratio of the patients with definite psychiatric symptoms(T-score > 65 at any one subscale of SCL-90-R) were compared among the groups with different seizure variables. Demographic variables and clinical variables were not statistically different among the groups with different seizure variables. The patients with right mesial temporal sclerosis had higher mean SCL-90-R scores for obsessive compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility and psychotic symptoms than the patients with left mesial temporal sclerosis, and they also showed higher ratio of definite psychiatric symptoms. The presence of interictal epileptic discharges was related with higher T-scores of paranoid subscale. The areas of hypoperfusion, the presence of the GTC, and other clinical seizure variables showed no significant influences on the mean SCL-90-R subscale T-scores. from these results, the authors speculated that interictal subictal epileptic dischrages may be related with psychiatric symptoms of the intractable epileptic patients, especially with right mesial temporal sclerosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 1999

Background: Ventricular septal defect(VSD) that causes pulmonary hypertension increase right ventricular workload. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic time interval (RVSTI) has been used to predict pulmonary artery pressure in various cardiopulmonary diseases. This study was undertaken in infants with simple VSD to observe the alteration of the right ventricular workload through the changes of RVSTI after repair of VSD. Material and Method: We evaluated heart rate, the ratio of the left atrium/aortic root diameter (LA/Ao), right ventricular pre-ejection period(RVPEP), right ventricular ejection time(RVET), and its ratio(RVPEP/RVET) as a predictor of right ventricular workload in 12 children with simple VSD. These were measured three times at the preoperative period, at the 3 month and between 6 month and 1 year(average 9.5${\pm}$1.8month) after repair of VSD by M-mode & Doppler echocardiograph from the pulmonic valve echogram. Result: Heart rate was decreased significantly after repair(137.1${\pm}$13.7 vs 114.4${\pm}$21.1 and 104.1${\pm}$10.2, p<0.01). LA/Ao ratio was decreased significantly after repair(1.71${\pm}$0.32 vs 1.47${\pm}$0.33 and 1.39${\pm}$0.23, p<0.05). RVPEP/RVET were decreased after repair (0.38${\pm}$0.09 vs 0.32${\pm}$0.08 and 0.29${\pm}$0.09, p<0.01). Heart rate corrected RVPEP/RVET were significantly decreased only after 6 months(0.32${\pm}$0.03 vs 0.30${\pm}$0.05 and 0.28${\pm}$0.06, p<0.05). Conclusion: We found elevated right ventricular workload was progressively decreased until more than 6 months after repair and the RVSTI may serve a useful guide in postoperative care for children with VSD.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.260-264
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• 1997

The congenital deformities of cleft lip and cleft palate have been known to afflict man since prehistoric time. Efforts to correct these abnormities have evolved over the centuries as scientific knowledge has advanced. Although there is no agreement as to when the surgery should be performed, most surgeons adhere to "rule of 10" : the infant must be 10 week old weigh 10 Ibs, have a hemoglobin value 10gm/dl and have a white blood cell count no greater than 10 $thousands/mm^3$. Consensus favors performing initial palatal surgery in the child when he is between 18 and 24 months old. The timing of cleft alveolus surgery is usually between 10 and 11 years old. In the period from 1992 to 1996, 38 patients with cleft lip and cleft palate treated at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Chosun university, dental hospital were analysed clinically. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The ratio of male to female was 1.92 : 1 (25/23) 2. The ratio of cleft lip, cleft palate and cleft lip & palate was 1.5 : 1 : 2.5 (12/8/18) 3. The ratio of unilateral to bilateral cleft lip was 5 : 1 (25/5) 4. The ratio of left to right side in unilateral cleft lip was 1.5 : 1 (15/10)

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.7C
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• pp.413-420
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• 2011

This paper proposes a new adaptive algorithm to cancel the acoustic feedback and noise signals in the binaural hearing aids. The convergence performances of the proposed algorithm are improved by updating coefficients of the feedback canceller after the speech signal is cancelled from the residual signal with dual microphones. The feedback canceller firstly cancels the feedback signal from the microphone signal, and then the noise canceller reduces the noise by the beamforming method. To assure that binaural hearing aids converge stably, the left-sided hearing aid only is converged firstly, next the right-sided hearing aid only is converged. To verify performances of the proposed algorithm, simulations were carried out for a speech. As the results of simulations, it was proved that we can advance 14.43dB SFR(Signal to Feedback Ratio) on the average for the feedback canceller, 10.19dB SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) improvement on the average for the noise canceller, in case that this algorithm is used.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.563-570
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• 2009

This study carried out the survey of the actual condition targeting 303 patients with execution of treatment after medical examination among patients who visited from January 2, 2008 to December 31, 2008 at dental hospital where is located in K region, and analyzed by using a program of SPSS13.0. The ratio of treatment in posterior was high with 76.9% in central incisor, 62.3% in the 1st bicuspids, and 45.3% in the first permanent molars as for health in the right teeth of maxillary, and with 77.9% in central incisor, 64.4% in the 1st bicuspids, and 47.6% in the first permanent molars as for the left teeth. In the lower jaw, the ratio of treatment in posterior was high with 92.1% in central incisor, 73.9% in the 1st bicuspids, and 42.6% in the first permanent molars as for health in the right teeth, and with 92.1% in central incisor, 75.9% in the 1st bicuspids, and 43.2% in the first permanent molars as for the left teeth. The upper left cuspid was treated in older patients by age(${\chi}^2=32.33$, p=0.000), in the more patients with high blood pressure(${\chi}^2=12.60$, p=0.000), and in case of systemic disease. The significant difference was shown(${\chi}^2=6.37$, p=0.012). The older patients led to being treated cuspid among right teeth in the lower jaw. The significant difference was shown according in the more patients with high blood pressure(${\chi}^2=8.26$, p=0.004). The left cuspid in the lower jaw was treated in the older patients by age the statistically significant difference was shown(${\chi}^2=12.10$, p=0.007).

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1343-1351
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• 2010

In this paper, a novel patch antenna based on the metamaterial CRLH(Composite Right- and Left-Handed) structure is designed, implemented, and measured. Contrary to the standard microstrip patch's fundamental resonance mode of half-wavelength or its positive multiple, the proposed antenna shows the in-phase electric field over the entire antenna. The proposed antenna has a desired omni-directional field pattern which is typical characteristic of $\lambda/4$ monopole antenna, and also shows the merit of low profile. HFSS(High Frequency Structure Simulator) of Ansoft which is based on the FEM(Finite Element Method) is used to simulate the proposed antenna. FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm and relative permitivity 4.4 is used for the proposed antenna implementation. The implemented antenna showed VSWR (Voltage Standarding Wave Ratio)$\leq$2 for the frequency band from 2.63 GHz to 2.655 GHz which is used for S-DMB (Satellite-Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) service. And measured peak gain and efficiency are 2.65 dBi and 81.14 %, respectively.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.215-227
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate Korea's Honam express train's first- and second-class seat discomfort by using pressure measurement, subjective discomfort rating, and physical compatibility. Background: Over the years, the demand for an express train service is continually increasing. A comfortable ride is important to achieving passenger satisfaction. A train seat plays a significant role in fulfilling passenger seating comfort. With this in view, a field survey and pressure measurements were performed on the selected train seat. Method: The pressure ratio at the body-seat interface (thigh and buttock regions) was measured by the pressure mat system. The interface pressure ratio was calculated and compared. The subjective discomfort rating scale was used to evaluate the subjects' overall feeling. The dimensions of train seats were analysed according to the anthropometric and demographic characteristics of the population data from Size Korea. Results: The results highlighted that the interface pressure ratio was greater while participants sat on the second-class seat than the first-class seat in the left- and right-side thigh regions. Also the pressure ratio was greater for the participants in the 1st~25th percentile height groups (149.8~160.8cm). The subjects rated higher discomfort for the second-class seat than the first-class seat. The physical compatibility results showed that the second-class seat's breadth was inadequate for the 95th and 99th percentile male. Conclusion: Overall, interface pressure measurement, subjective discomfort score and physical compatibility results showed that the second-class seat was more uncomfortable for the passengers than the first-class seat. Application: The adopted methodologies could be used to measure the seating comfort of the train seats.