• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2007

Cosmetic products including skin and essence were manufactured to analyze the effect of green tea polyphenols addition. In addition, irradiation was applied to remove an undesirable color of green tea polyphenol(GTP), which may cause a problem in the marketing, of a final product; moreover, comparative studies were conducted with the cosmetic products on whether or not antiseptics were treated to verify its use for the development of non-antiseptic cosmetic products. Growth inhibition zones were shown in the microbial study except for Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of E. coli and C. albicans was 2,500 ppm but that of S. aureus was 1,000 ppm. The numbers of E. coli and S. aureus were reduced to undetected levels when 10,000 and 5,000 ppm of polyphenol were added, respectively. Results indicate that the addition of irradiated green tea polyphenol provides a good method to manufacture functional cosmetics including skin and essence with various biological activities such as antimicrobial activity without antiseptics.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2007

Effects of gamma irradiation on chemical, microbiological, and immunological changes of Queso Blanco cheese were investigated. Although Queso Blanco cheese was made by heat pasteurization at 85$^{\circ}$C and addition of acid without lactic starter culture, total bacterial counts and lactic acid bacterial counts of control cheese were 7.65${\pm}$0.04 and 7.64${\pm}$0.02 log CFU/mL, respectively. It was thought that this microbial growth was due to the incomplete inactivation of raw milk by the heat treatment, resulting into growth during the pressing and the drying process. It demonstrated the possibility that if heat- and acid-resistant hazard microbes are present in raw milk, they can grow during the processes. Lactic acid bacterial counts of the irradiated cheese were 5.45${\pm}$0.02 log CFU/mL at 1kGy, 2.12${\pm}$0.12 log CFU/mL at 2kGy, and not detected at 3kGy or higher doses. The reduction of antigenicity by gamma irradiation was not found. It might be caused by the fact that most whey proteins of milk, a major antigen in milk, were already denaturated by heat process and removed during the draining.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.322-332
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• 2017

Microbial fertilizer has been used to prompt turfgrass growth and quality and to prevent turfgrass diseases in turfgrass management of golf courses. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of microbial fertilizer containing Lactobacillus fermentum (MFcL) on changes of turfgrass quality and growth by investigating turf color index, chlorophyll index, clipping yield, and nutrient content in the turfgrass tissue. Treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control fertilizer (CF), MFcL treatments [CF+$1.0g\;m^{-2}$(MFL), CF+$2.0g\;m^{-2}$ (2MFL)], and only MFcL treatment (OMF; $1.0g\;m^{-2}$ MFL). Chemical properties of soil by application of MFcL was unaffected. Turf color index, chlorophyll index, clipping yield and nutrient content and uptake of MFcL treatments were similar to CF. Furthermore, turfgrass shoot density of MFL was increased by 20% than that of CF, and that of OMF by 22% than NF. These results show that the application of microbial fertilizer containing L. fermentum increased turfgrass shoot density, which is not attributed to nutrient uptake in this study, but needs to be further investigated with other mechanisms such as biostimulant induction or phytohormone production.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.306-311
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• 2008

The aim of this work was to examine the reduction in antigenicity of milk proteins in powdered milk by gamma irradiation which is increasingly used for food safety. Skim milk powder samples were exposed to irradiation doses of 1, 5, and 10 kGy. A greater reduction of ${\alpha}_{S1}$-casein and ${\beta}_{A1}$-casein was found than ${\alpha}_{S0}$-casein and ${\beta}_{A2}$-casein by capillary electrophoresis. Competitive indirect ELISA and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs showed a reduction in antigenicity of powdered milk by 10kGy gamma irradiation. These results indicated that gamma irradiation reduce allergenicity of milk proteins by structural changes of ${\alpha}_{S1}$-casein and ${\beta}_{A1}$-casein, and can be useful for dairy products.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2017

Bakanae disease is one of the most serious and oldest problems of rice production, which was first described in 1828 in Japan. This disease has also been identified in Asia, Africa, North America, and Italy. Germinating rice seeds in seed boxes for mechanical transplantation has caused many problems associated with diseases, including bakanae disease. Bakanae disease has become a serious problem in the breeding of hybrid rice, which involves the increased use of raising plants in seed beds. The indica rice variety Shingwang was selected as resistant donor to bakanae disease. One hundred sixty nine NILs, YR28297 ($BC_6F_4$) generated by five backcrosses of Shingwang with the genetic background of susceptible japonica variety, Ilpum were used for QTL analysis. Rice bakanae disease pathogen, CF283, was mainly used in this study and inoculation and evaluation of bakanae disease was performed with the method of the large-scale screening method developed by Kim et al. (2014). SSR markers evenly distributed in the entire rice chromosomes were selected from the Gramene database (http://www.gramene.org), and the polymorphic markers were used for frame mapping of a $BC_5F_5$ resistant line. Here, we developed 168 near-isogenic rice lines (NILs, $BC_6F_4$) to locate a QTL for resistance against bakanae disease. The lines were derived from a cross between Shingwang, a highly resistant variety (indica), and Ilpum, a highly susceptible variety (japonica). The 24 markers representing the Shingwang allele in a bakanae disease-resistant NIL, YR24982-9-1 (parental line of the $BC_6F_4$ NILs), were located on chromosome 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12. Single marker analysis using an SSR marker, RM9, showed that a major QTL was located on chromosome 1. The QTL explained 65 % of the total phenotype variation in $BC_6F_4$ NILs. The major QTL designated qBK1 was mapped in 91 kb region between InDel15 and InDel21. The identification of qBK1 and the closely linked SSR marker, InDel18, could be useful for improving rice bakanae disease resistance in marker-assisted breeding.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 1996

Roles of protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase in the activation of neutrophil respiratory burst, degranulation and elevation of cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ in platelet-activating factor (PAF)-stimulated neutrophils were investigated. Superoxide and $H_2O_2$ production and myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase release in PAF-stimulated neutrophils were inhibited by protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine and H-7 and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and tyrphostin. The PAF-induced elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in neutrophils was inhibited by staurosporine, genistein and methyl-2,5-dihydroxycinnamate. Staurosporine inhibited both intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release and $Mn^{2+}$ influx in PAF-stimulated neutrophils. Genistein and methyl-2,5-dihydroxycinnamate inhibited $Mn^{2+}$ influx induced by PAF, whereas their effects on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release were not detected. In neutrophils preactivated by PMA, the stimulatory effect of PAF on the elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was reduced. Protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase may be involved in respiratory burst, lysosomal enzyme release and $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization in PAF-stimulated neutrophils. The elevation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ appears to be accomplished by intracullular $Ca^{2+}$ release and $Ca^{2+}$ influx which are differently regulated by protein kinases. Preactivation of protein kinase C appears to attenuate the stimulatory action of PAF on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2020

A total of 244 cereal samples (oat, sorghum, adlay, and proso millet) were collected from fields to examine the contamination of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals during harvest season in 2017 and 2018. The contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA) were analyzed individually by using the immunoaffinity column clean-up method with ultra performance liquid chromatography, and fumonisins (FUM) were analyzed by using the QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Highest level of NIV contamination (120.0-3277.0 mg/kg) was observed in oat samples among the analyzed cereals. In the adlay samples, DON contamination was the highest (maximum level 730.0 ㎍/kg). The proso millet samples had a high frequency of detection of NIV and ZEA (61.5% and 57.9%, respectively), but the levels were low (average detection level of NIV, 75.6 ㎍/kg, for ZEA, 21.5 ㎍/kg). Among the cereal samples, sorghum had the highest contamination frequency of DON, ZEA, and FUM, and the co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxin was 70.0%, which was higher than the average of 29.9%. In order to safely manage Fusarium mycotoxin levels in cereals, continuous research on the development of contamination prevention technologies together with monitoring of mycotoxin contamination is needed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2014

Purpose: Neonatal neuroblastoma (NBL) is the most common malignant tumor in neonates, but there have been few studies about it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical features of NBL and to compare prenatal and postnatal diagnosed groups. Methods: Nineteen patients who were diagnosed with NBL prenatally or within 28 days after birth from February 1986 to February 2013 in Seoul National University Hospital were enrolled in the study. The patients were categorized according to the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) and Children's Oncology Group (COG). Retrospective medical-record reviews were performed on these patients. The operative date, complication, pathological stage, and overall survival of the prenatally diagnosed group and the postpartum diagnosed group were compared. Results: Tumor was detected via prenatal ultrasonography in 8 patients (42.1%), and 11 patients (57.9%) were diagnosed within 28 days after birth. Based on INSS, the patients were divided into the stage I (n=8), stage II (n=1), stage III (n=3), stage IV (n=4), and stage IVs (n=3) groups, respectively. Based on COG, on the other hand, the patients were divided into the low-risk (n=8), intermediate-risk (n=8), and high-risk (n=3) groups. The postoperative complication rate was 29%. One patient died from complications from chemotherapy. The other 18 patients' mean follow-up period was 77.7 months. The differences between the postoperative complication rate, proportion of early-stage tumor, and overall survival of the prenatal and postnatal groups were not statistically significant (p=0.446, p=0.607, p=0.414). Conclusion: NBL showed favorable outcomes but relatively higher postoperative complications. There seem to be no significant statistical differences in the postoperative complications, proportion of early-stage tumor, and overall survival between the prenatally diagnosed group and the postpartum diagnosed group.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.14B no.3 s.113
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• pp.171-182
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• 2007

We propose a simple method for tracking a nonparameterized subject contour in a single video stream with a moving camera and changing background. Then we present a method to eliminate the tracked contour object by replacing with the background scene we get from other frame. First we track the object using LOD (Level-of-Detail) canny edge maps, then we generate background of each image frame and replace the tracked object in a scene by a background image from other frame that is not occluded by the tracked object. Our tracking method is based on level-of-detail (LOD) modified Canny edge maps and graph-based routing operations on the LOD maps. We get more edge pixels along LOD hierarchy. Our accurate tracking is based on reducing effects from irrelevant edges by selecting the stronger edge pixels, thereby relying on the current frame edge pixel as much as possible. The first frame background scene is determined by camera motion, camera movement between two image frames, and other background scenes are computed from the previous background scenes. The computed background scenes are used to eliminate the tracked object from the scene. In order to remove the tracked object, we generate approximated background for the first frame. Background images for subsequent frames are based on the first frame background or previous frame images. This approach is based on computing camera motion. Our experimental results show that our method works nice for moderate camera movement with small object shape changes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.699-704
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• 2009

Commercially produced 'baby leaves' of Brassica campestris var. narinosa (Chinese cabbage) were used in the present study. Baby leaf vegetables were sown on 128 cell plug trays and harvested 30 days after sowing. For mechanical stress experiments, seedlings were thinned to three per cell, selected for uniformity, and watered at the base. Trays were treated with mechanical stress by stroking back and forth 50 times, using a sheet of A4 paper folded to double thickness. Plants were treated between 12:00 and 14:00 daily for 15-20 days. Harvested baby leaf vegetables were packed in MAP salad bags made of P-plus film, $50{\mu}m$ polypropylene (PP) film, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) boxes. Fresh weight was well-maintained under P-plus and PP film on storage at $8^{\circ}C$. However, loss of fresh weight occurred quickly in PET boxes, and vegetable quality deteriorated rapidly. Stressed leaves were smaller but thicker, with an increased dry weight ratio. We thus suggest that P-plus or PP film is most appropriate packing for marketing of baby leaf vegetables, which should be stored at $8^{\circ}C$. Our data on baby leaf vegetables also make a significant new contribution in that we demonstrate a positive effect of stress touching on baby leaf processability.