• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.55-67
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• 2021

Objectives This review aimed to investigate studies of Chuna manual therapy (CMT) for low back pain and the evidence of their effects in order to suggest a better research method in the future. Methods We investigated studies on CMT for low back pain by searching Korean web databases from 2020 to 2021. As a result, 72 research papers were analyzed according to their published year, the titles of journals, the types of studies, the techniques of Chuna, and the instruments used for assessment. Results The results were as follows: 1. There were three papers published initially in 2000. this number showed a steady increase, and a total of 72 papers were published that year. 2. Studies on CMT were mainly published in the Journal of Korea Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves. 3. When categorized according to the methods of studies, a simple case report was used more often than the sum of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs. 4. The most frequently adopted technique of Chuna in the examined studies was the COX flexion and distraction technique. 5. The Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index were used as primary means of assessment. Conclusions Based on the analysis, it was observed that this review provided limited evidence of CMT use in patients with LBP. Therefore, further investigation using well-designed RCTs is required to obtain higher evidence.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.187-197
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the changes in the muscle activity of the trunk stabilizer muscles before and after incorporating Pilates breathing during three types of Pilates chair exercises. Methods: This study included 33 healthy men and women in their 20's; they were recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. sEMG was used to measure the changes in the muscle activity in the internal oblique/transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis, and erector spinae during the three types of Pilates chair movements (footwork, twist footwork, and bridging) without and with the Pilates breathing integration. The muscle activities of the trunk stabilizers between without and with Pilates breathing were statistically analyzed and compared. Results: The internal oblique/transverse abdominis showed an increase and a significant difference in the muscle activity in all three movements of footwork, twist footwork, and bridging after the Pilates breathing integration (p<.001). The muscle activity of the rectus abdominis (p<.05) and the erector spinae (p<.05) also increased and showed a significant difference after the Pilates breathing incorporation, except in the bridging movement for the erector spinae. The increase in the rate after integrating Pilates breathing was relatively greater in internal oblique/transverse abdominis than in other muscles. Conclusion: When Pilates breathing was applied, the activities of the trunk stabilizer muscles increased significantly and immediately in all three movements of Pilates chair footwork, twist footwork, and bridging. This means that the use of breathing is expected to have a positive and immediate effect on the activation of trunk stabilizers, thus indicating that it can possibly be an effective re-enforcing tool to promote trunk stability when it is integrated to the Pilates chair exercise. Incorporating Pilates breathing also seemed to have a tendency to activate the deep trunk stabilizer muscles more than the superficial stabilizer muscles.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.152-171
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• 2022

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Sunbanghwalmyung-eum gamibang on Monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods : Forty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each. Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced by injecting MIA (2 mg/50 µl) into the joint cavity of the left knee of SD rats belonging to the experimental group, and normal saline was injected into the joint cavity of the left knee instead of MIA in the normal group. To the normal group and the controlled group (OA group), 2 ml of distilled water was orally administered. To the positive control group (Indomethacin group), indomethacin 2 ml at a concentration of 2 mg/kg, to the low concentration group of SHG (Low group), 2 ml of SHG at a concentration of 2 mg/kg, and to the high concentration group of SHG (High group), 2 ml of SHG at a concentration of 4 mg/kg ml was orally administered. The drug was administered for a total of 4 weeks, and histological changes were analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and Safranin-O staining. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and MMP-13, TIMP-1, and GAGs were immunohistochemically analyzed. Finally, hematological examination, blood biochemical examination, and liver and kidney biopsy were performed. Results : SHG groups (Low and High) inhibited the matrix destruction and damage of the knee joint cartilage in SD rat model, and significantly prevented the reduction in cartilage thickness. In SHG groups, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP-13 were significantly decreased, and the expressions of TIMP-1, GAGs were significantly increased compared with OA group. The safety indicators had no significant differences among five groups. Conclusions : These results show that SHG has cartilage protection capacity, anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2024

Ginseng, the roots of Panax species, is an important medicinal herb used as a tonic. As ginsenosides are key bioactive components of ginseng, holistic chemical profiling of them has provided many insights into understanding ginseng. Mass spectrometry has been a major methodology for profiling, which has been applied to realize numerous goals in ginseng research, such as the discrimination of different species, geographical origins, and ages, and the monitoring of processing and biotransformation. This review summarizes the various applications of ginsenoside profiling in ginseng research over the last three decades that have contributed to expanding our understanding of ginseng. However, we also note that most of the studies overlooked a crucial factor that influences the levels of ginsenosides: genetic variation. To highlight the effects of genetic variation on the chemical contents, we present our results of untargeted and targeted ginsenoside profiling of different genotypes cultivated under identical conditions, in addition to data regarding genome-level genetic diversity. Additionally, we analyze the other limitations of previous studies, such as imperfect variable control, deficient metadata, and lack of additional effort to validate causation. We conclude that the values of ginsenoside profiling studies can be enhanced by overcoming such limitations, as well as by integrating with other -omics techniques.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.860-865
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• 2012

Although biomass syngas is very low calorific gas, it is utilized by means of dual fuel combustion technology in the fields of industrial furnace and boiler as a substitute oil technology. The basic structure of duel fuel combustion burner is designed so that low caloric gas fuel is supplied around an oil burner in the middle. In the present study, three types of mixing burners were manufactured to conduct performance experiment. Low caloric gas was evenly distributed around the oil burner and the method of changing the angle of gas nozzle was applied. CO generation decreased according to the increase of the amount of air for combustion. In addition, the shapes and colors of flame changed according to the proportions of gas and oil used. Remained flame after combustion was from the lack of atomization at the exit of oil burner. Although it was difficult to maintain the optimum air ratio due to different required air ratio for oil and syngas, stable combustion was able to maintained within excess oxygen concentration of 4.7~8.2%. From this study, it was shown that the oil atomization at the exit of fuel oil nozzle was promoted by the increased rate of syngas combustion and the CO concentration in flue gas lower than only fuel oil combustion.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.65-71
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• 2017

To prepare the Cu-based filler material indicating enhanced oxidation resistance property and Ag content, Ag-coated Cu particles was fabricated by Ag plating of 40 wt % on the spherical Cu particles with an average size of $2{\mu}m$ and their oxidation behavior was also evaluated. In the case that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was used alone, the fabricated particles frequently showed broken structures such as delamination at Ag shell/core Cu interface and hollow structure that are induced by excessive galvanic displacement reaction. As a result, fraction of defect particles increased up to 19.88% after the Ag plating of 40 wt.%. However, the fraction in the 40 wt.% Ag-coated Cu particles decreased to 9.01% and relatively smooth surface and dense microstructure in the Ag shell were also observed with additional usage of hydroquinone as a complexing agent. Ag-coated Cu particles having the enhanced microstructure did not show any weight increase by oxidation for exposure to air at $160^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, indicating increased oxidation resistance property.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.121-153
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• 2013

We investigated the flora of Mudeung-san (Mt.) located in Gwangju-gwangyeoksi, Hwasun-gun and Damyang-gun and discussed the vascular plants found there. 22 days separate fild trips were completed from March of 2009 to November 2011. As a result, we identified the distribution of 816 taxa in Mudeung-san (Mt.), comprising 123 families, 441 genera, 668 species, 5 subspecies, 121 varieties and 18 forms. There are a total 111 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants. The floristic regional indicator plants are as follows; nine taxa of level V such as Gastrodia elata Blume, six taxa of level IV such as Hylomecon hylomeconoides T. Lee, 21 taxa of level III such as Stewartia korena Nakai, 18 taxa of level II, and 66 taxa of level I. In addition, two critically endangered species (CR), Galeola septentrionalis Rchb.f. and Paeonia obovata Maxim., two endangered species (EN), Dryopteris cycadina (Franch. & Sav.) C.Chr. and Jeffersonia dubia Benth., and eight vulnerable species (VU), such as Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc, were found in the investigated area. Also, 14 endermic plants of Korea, such as Salix koriyanagi Kimura and Aconitium chiisanense Nakai, were found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.46-53
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• 2017

The risk is expressed as consequence of damage multiplied by likelihood of failure. The installation of a protective system reduces the risk by reducing the likelihood of failure at the facility. Also, the protective system has different effects on the likelihood of failure according to the proof test cycle. However, when assessing risks in the Off-site Risk Assessment (ORA) system, the variation in risk was not reflected according to the proof test cycle of protective system. This study was conducted to examine the need for proof test and the importance of cycle setting by applying periodic proof test of the protective system to ORA. The results showed that the likelihood of failure and the risk increased with longer proof test cycle. The risk of a two-yearly proof test was eight times greater than that of a three-month cycle. From the results, the protective system needs periodic proof test. Untested protective system for a long term cannot be reliable because it is more likely to be failed state when it is called upon to operate. In order to reduce the risk to an acceptable level, it is effective to differently set the proof test cycle according to the priority. This study suggested a more systematic and accurate risk analysis standard than ORA. This standard is expected to enable an acceptable level of risk management by systematically setting the priority and proof test cycle of the protective system. It is also expected to contribute to securing the safety of chemical facilities and at the same time, will lead to the development of the ORA system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.262-267
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• 2009

Two 15-week feeding trials were conducted to investigate feeding rate and feeding frequency for growth of sub-adult flounder in suboptimal water temperature ($12^{\circ}C$). In the first experiment, duplicated groups of fish (initial mean weight of 279 g) were fed a extruded pellet once a day at the different feeding rates of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3% body weight per day (BW/d), and satiation (0.32% BW/d). Weight gain and feed efficiency were increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in feeding rates from 0.1 to 0.3% BW/d, but there were no significant differences in weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the diet between 0.3% BW/d and to satiation. Crude protein content of dorsal muscle of fish fed the 0.1% BW/d diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other groups. In the second experiment, duplicated groups of fish (initial mean weight of 281 g) were fed to apparent satiation with a extruded pellet at three different feeding frequencies (one meal every two days, one meal a day and two meals a day). Weight gain, feed efficiency and condition factor of fish fed one meal every two days were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of fish fed one meal and two meals a day, but there were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency and condition factor of fish fed between one meal and two meals a day. Based on the results of this study, optimum feeding frequency is one meal a day with satiation feeding for growth and feed efficiency of sub-adult flounder (270-350 g) in suboptimal water temperature ($12^{\circ}C$).

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

Recently usage of biomass is increased in pulverized coal power plants for reduction of $CO_2$ emission. Many problems arise when thermal share of the biomass is increased, and milling of the biomasses is one of the most important problems due to their low grindability when existing coal pulverizer is used. Grindability of coal can be measured through the HGI (Hardgrove grindability index) equipment as a standard, but method of measuring biomass grindability has not been established yet. In this study, grinding experiment of coal and biomass was performed using a lab-scale ball mill. One type of coal (Adaro coal) and six biomasses (wood pellet (WP), empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), walnut shell (WS), torrefied wood chip (TBC) and torrefied wood pellet (TWP)) were used in the experiment. Particle size distributions of the fuels were measured after being milled in various pulverization times. Pulverization characteristics were evaluated by portion of particles under the diameter of $75{\mu}m$. As a result, about 70% of the TBC and TWP were observed to be pulverized to sizes of under $75{\mu}m$, which implies that they can be used as alternative biomass fuels without modification of the existing mill. Other biomass was observed to have low grindability compared with torrefied biomass. Power consumption of the mill for various fuels was measured as well, and the results show that lower power was consumed for torrefied biomasses. This result can be used for characterization of biomass as an alternative fuel for pulverized coal power plants.