• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.27
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• pp.39-56
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• 2022

The purpose of this project was to improve the stability of a pair of leather socks for use on snowy days in the collection of the National Museum of Korea (Namsan1567) by conducting conservation treatment and restoring the socks to their original form for use in research and exhibition. Leather socks are referred to in ancient documents with names combining the word "mal" for socks with a term indicating their material (e.g., pimal, meaning leather socks; nokpimal, meaning deer leather socks; jangpimal, meaning roe deer leather socks, or lipimal, meaning racoon dog leather socks) and are mentioned mostly in connection with Jeju Island. Related documents include the Seungjeongwon ilgi (Daily Record of the Grand Secretariat), Injaeilnok (Diary of Injae Jo Geukseon), and Hamel's Journal and a Description of the Kingdom of Joseon. Extant examples of ancient leather socks display the same form as beoseon (traditional Korean socks) and are made of either leather or a combination of leather and fabric. It is likely that such leather socks were worn on Jeju Island to protect the feet from the cold. A condition survey of the leather socks was first conducted to establish a plan for their conservation treatment. Since the socks were in rather poor condition, it was decided to identify their original form through an investigation of relics and pertinent previous studies. The socks were cleaned in consideration of results of the condition survey, and the missing parts around the necks of the socks were reinforced in a reversible manner using counting stitches with cloth dyed to match the original color. Since the bottoms of the socks had lost much of their original form due to deterioration and disintegration in the leather, supports were made and inserted inside the socks to help retain their shape. Through these processes, the structure and characteristics of the socks and the techniques used in their production could be analyzed, their condition was stabilized, and their original form was recovered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.63-73
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• 2008

From the ancient Korea to the late Joseon Korean fur and leather had been preferred in and out of Korea for their good quality and excellent manufacturing skill. Since Unified Silla (A.D.676${\sim}$A.D.936) Korean fur and leather were manufactured divisionally by workmen specialized in materials and products, and such manufacturing process was succeeded to Goryeo and Joseon. Manufacturing of fur and leather was consisted of as follows: hunting and butchering - peeling - beating with a paddle and removing fat - oil manufacturing - drying - tanning, then cutting and sewing, and there was a special caring method. In order to make good fur and leather, each process of manufacturing needed particular techniques and all available methods were tried to have tender fur and leather by using smoking, excrement, lime, vegetable tannin and even cerebral liquid. And also required mouth-chewing and hand-pounding with a lot of time and of labor Keeping furs resilience and flexibility, sowing several skins together, even when the after-all-process skin was converted into clothes, was much more difficult than sewing fabric. Thus, the manufacturing cost was as much expensive as skin materials, and the volume of manufacturing of fur and leather was also limited. Therefore, fur and leather must have been popular for scarcity value in the manufacturing process, and this scarcity must have caused an extreme luxury of fur.

• Journal of Institute of Convergence Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2017

In general, the shoe stretcher is utilized to stretching the leather of shoe upper in the longitudinal direction. In the capstone design class, we tried to make a shoe leather stretcher for the ball of foot. Since a natural cow leather was recovered in length according to relaxation time after stretched, it was difficult to predict the initial amount of set up of stretching. In this paper, tensile and relaxation experiments were conducted in order to predict the amount of initial stretching for appropriate tensile length. Apparatus of leather stretching was designed and strains of leather were measured according to relaxation times of 12, 18, 24 hours after stretching of 24 hours. It was revealed that the ratio of the final relaxed strain and the initial applied strain was about 0.404 with R-square of 0.990 for a shoe cow leather.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

In this paper we prepared dextrin dialdehyde (DAS) of a different oxidation ratio (aldehyde content) and examined their properties and discussed their tanning mechanism. DAS was produced by reacting dextrin in aqueous medium with periodate ion used in a molar ratio between periodate and glucose of 0.3 to 1.0 at a temperature of 20 to $45^{\circ}C$. Since DAS reacts with amino group, DAS may have tanning property of aldehyde tanning agent (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde).

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.122-134
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• 2022

This study is conducted on hardening leather with improved firmness and stability of shape, based on research on types and thickness of leather. The purpose of this study is to test the physical properties of the leather for molding to prepare the foundation for leather molding based on the test results using four methods by thickness of Vegetable and Split. The tests were conducted using a total of five leather types, including three types of vegetable leathers and two types of split, by thickness. Based on the testing method for leathers in KS M 6882, the tests were performed at 27℃ with relative humidity of 65±20%. The samples were prepared with cowhide, size 9cm× 2cm. The measurement parameters are length and width. thickness, volume, mass, density. Regarding the hardening treatment method, changes in appearance and major physical characteristics of leather were reviewed by soaking in hot water, dry heating, hammering, waxing, and olive oil coating. The study results are as follows. In planar works, it is judged that hardening work using a hammer is more suitable for stiffness or density in order to prevent easy breakage with adult muscle density, rather than boiling water or baking. In conclusion, there is no curling, soot, or breaking phenomenon, and the densest curing method is 50℃ for 20 sec of V2 and 75℃ for 60 sec of V2 in boiling water. The combination of paraffin treatment improve waterproof and quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.363-366
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• 2001

The present process of grading leather quality by the rare eyes is not reliable. Because inconsistency of grading due to eyes strain for long time can cause incorrect result of grading. Therefore it is necessary to automate the process of grading quality of leather based on objective standard for it. In this paper, leather automatic classification system consists of the process obtaining the information of leather and the process grading the quality of leather from the information. Leather is graded by its information such as texture density, types and distribution of defects. This paper proposes the algorithm which sorts out leather information like texture density and defects from the gray-level images obtained by digital camera. The density information is sorted out by the distribution value of Fourier spectrum which comes out after original image is converted to the image in frequency domain. And the defect information is obtained by the statistics of pixels which is relevant to Window using searching Window after sort out boundary lines from preprocessed images. The information for entire leather is used as standard of grading leather quality, and the proposed algorithm is practically applied to machine vision system.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 2021

To solve environmental problems, research and efforts are required to reduce leather waste that is generated in large quantities during the leather manufacturing process. Leatherboard is a plate-like material that is made by crushing leather waste, such as trimming or shaving scraps and mixing fibers, pulp, rubber, and adhesives. The aim of this study is to provide basic data on the localization of leatherboard manufacturing technology for outsoles, which are increasingly in demand due to their excellent performance and price competitiveness. Interviews with experts and related organizations were conducted to investigate the related global technology trends. Also, the performance of three products that can be used as reference materials were evaluated and compared. As part of the research and efforts to reduce the amount of leather waste generated, high-performance materials using leather waste were developed and commercialized by major western companies. In Korea, various efforts have been made since 2000, and some companies have produced leatherboard for interior uses. However, the amount of waste recycled relative to that generated is not large due to the limited demand. Natural leather soles perform better than leatherboard soles in all evaluation aspects. In the case of leatherboard, performance varied by manufacturer. German products showed flexibility resistance and dimensional stability, thereby meeting performance requirements. However, abrasion resistance and cleavage resistance were slightly below the required performance standards, and research and development is needed to improve performance in those areas. Currently, it is impossible to evaluate the performance of domestic products due to underdevelopment. However, if the development of process technology continues based on the performance evaluation results of the best leatherboard in the shoe industry, materials for outsoles will be able to be produced domestically with prices competitiveness while realizing natural leather materials performance to some extent.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2020

Shaving dust is a collagen fiber that is the leather waste occurred for thickness adjustment during the natural leather manufacturing process, and causes problems such as an environmental contamination because of a chromium (Cr) contained when it comes to reclaiming process. Various studies applying the shaving dust are currently being conducted in many countries across the world with an initiative by the EU. Of those applications, the bonded leather is being highlighted as a substitute for natural leather. Since the bonded leather, however, uses latex as a binder, accordingly it entails a high weight and a poor ventilation, which are deemed as disadvantages due to its dense internal tissues compared to other synthetic leathers. To address such disadvantages, this study employed the thermally expandable micro sphere to improve its air permeability and light weight by alleviating the internal structure. This is a study on the manufacturing of light bonded leather using the shaving dusts. In the study, the shaving dusts were forced to foam under 100~120℃ considering the heat resistance of collagen fiber after applying the thermally expandable micro sphere, and then the tendency was analyzed. In the analysis results, the most excellent foaming rate was exhibited when the shaving dusts were treated under 120℃ for 8 minutes and the variation of internal structure according to a foaming was observed through SEM analysis for the cross-section of the bonded leather.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1965

It seems like that the characteristics and drug-resistances of fungi are respectively different in various circumstances. Scores of chemicals were applicated to the leather-fungi in this study. M-dinitrobenzene, 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene and phenyl mercuric acetate inhibited the growth of Aspergilli which were isolated from Korean-leather. The minimum fungicidal limits of p-nitrophenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline and sodium-pentachlorophenolate against the Korean-originated strains are different from that of other country. In the mass-screening of fungicides, artificial "Leather-extracts media" have been designed and used, and the media contributed to screening-tests. Fat and oils which are the materials of fat-liquoring in leather manufacture affects the drugresistance of the leather-fungi. It is found that the accelerating-method on malt-agar plate is effective to determinate the fungicidal action of chemicals in short time.hort time.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.934-938
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• 1999

Effect of processing agents on physical properties on aniline-type leathers such as wet blue, crust leather, and finished leather has been investigated. These leathers were manufactured from pelts obtained by the chemical, the enzyme, and the bio-tech treatment. There was no difference in physical properties between crust leather and finished leather. All finished leathers with the three treatments were satisfied with the Korean Industrial Standard like a tensile strength of $1.2kg_f/mm^2$, an elongation of 30%, a tear strength of $3.0kg_f/mm$, a grain crack weight of $15kg_f$, and a $Cr_2O_3$ content of 2.5%. In peculiar, application of the bio-tech treatment gave the best leather. This improvement of physical quality could be explained by the results of SEM and image analyser.