• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 2003

This study was focused on comparing the knowledge, attitudes and experiences in sex and the needs for sex education of nursing students and non-nursing students. The subjects of this study were 403 female students who attended 4 universities in Busan. The data was collected from November 2002 to December, and analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard variance, t-test and Chi-square. The results were as follows: 1. The mean score of sex knowledge of the nursing students was 13.29 and the non-nursing students's was 11.11. There was a difference(p=0.000) between nursing and non-nursing students in sex knowledge. 2. The mean score of sex attitude of nursing and non-nursing students was 25.64, 26.65 respectively. There was no statistical difference. 3. 61.8% of the nursing students and 62.3% of the non-nursing students had experienced a relation with the opposite sex. Kissing experience was 59.9%, 61.8% and masturbation was 9.5%, 9.2% respectively. Sexual intercourse was 5.3%, 11.9% and contraception was 1.9%, 8.2% respectively. Among these experiences, sexual intercourse and contraception experience rate were different(p=0.017, p=0.002 respectively) between nursing and non-nursing students. 4. Of 19 sexual education contents, only 'the dignity of life' showed a difference. That is, more nursing students(92.9%) wanted to know about 'the dignity of life' than non-nursing students(85.7%). Among the respcndent's needs on the sexual education contents, 'Contraception' was rated first and followed by 'Sex psychology of men and women', 'Pregnancy', 'Prevention of sexual crime' and 'Sexually transmitted diseases'. Most of the respcndents(95.8%) wanted sex education introduced in the :first year of university, and presented as a special class. Specifically, 50.0% of the students wanted the education to be more realistic and systemic. With the above results, when university faculties are sexual educating to university students, they have to aware of the difference of target students. And they need to stress more realistic and specific aspect of sexual education learning rather than theoretical teaching.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.15C no.5
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• pp.351-358
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• 2008

Recently, as network flooding attacks such as DoS/DDoS and Internet Worm have posed devastating threats to network services, rapid detection and proper response mechanisms are the major concern for secure and reliable network services. However, most of the current Intrusion Detection Systems(IDSs) focus on detail analysis of packet data, which results in late detection and a high system burden to cope with high-speed network environment. In this paper we propose a lightweight and fast detection mechanism for traffic flooding attacks. Firstly, we use SNMP MIB statistical data gathered from SNMP agents, instead of raw packet data from network links. Secondly, we use a machine learning approach based on a Support Vector Machine(SVM) for attack classification. Using MIB and SVM, we achieved fast detection with high accuracy, the minimization of the system burden, and extendibility for system deployment. The proposed mechanism is constructed in a hierarchical structure, which first distinguishes attack traffic from normal traffic and then determines the type of attacks in detail. Using MIB data sets collected from real experiments involving a DDoS attack, we validate the possibility of our approaches. It is shown that network attacks are detected with high efficiency, and classified with low false alarms.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.213-234
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• 2003

The purposes of this study which was done by questionnaire survey and case study of First Aid Certification Program in Seoul Health College were to analyze results and effects of the college financial support program from Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development. The significant 164 data were collected from 300 professors in 8 colleges having the Department of Emergency Care from Oct. 1, 2002 to Dec. 31, 2002 and analyzed using SPSS in terms of t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and so on. The conclusions and suggestions from this study were summarized as follows; (1) Degree of acknowledgement about aims, contents, results of the college financial support program was above the middle(participants 4.21, non-participants 3.63) and higher relation than the others in case of participants(r:0.32 p<0.001), planning team(r:0.22 p<0.05). (2) Degree of acknowledgement about improvement of curriculum & educational facilities through the program was above the middle and higher relation than the others in case of participants. (3) Degree of acknowledgement about positive influence on acquirement rate of certification(licence) & job through the program was above the middle and performance & adaptation at work place was higher relation than the others in case of participants. (4) Degree of acknowledgement about positive influence on improvement of learning of student's major through the program was above the middle and higher relation than the others in case of participants. (5) The respondents thought that the program had a negative influence on professor's educational activities & research such as study 40.4%, lecture 23.1%, student guidance 12.5%. (6) When the program was administered by planning team, there were difficulties such as execution of budget 42.1%, cooperation with companies 17.1%, cooperation among program teams 11.8%, when it was administered by non-planning team there were difficulties such as execution of budget 45.5%, cooperation among departments 22.7%, cooperation with companies 13.6%. (7) Because it was too short to execute the budget, the ministry have to select proposed programs before the next school year. (8) This program should be changed temporary, insufficient support into consecutive, sufficient support for more characterization & specialization of the college which has a long-term developmental plan & vision.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop an assembly-type liquid level control experimental equipment and a hands-on activity task that can be applied to the class so that students studying the chemical industry can easily understand the liquid level control. For this purpose, the content elements related to liquid level control in the chemical industry practice course of the 2015 revised curriculum was analyzed, a hands-on activity task with an assembly-type liquid level control experimental equipment was and developed. And then, expert verification was also performed and the hands-on activity task was applied to 19 students of S meister high school. The results obtained through this are as follows. First, the existing completion-type liquid level control experimental equipment was explored, and based on this, a new assembly-type liquid level control experimental equipment that can be assembled by students and used for practices was designed and manufactured. Second. by analyzing the contents of the NCS-based 'Chemical Process Maintenance Operation' practical course of the 2015 revised curriculum, learning contents related to level control were extracted. Among the contents related to the level control, the practice with understanding the process flow chart, manufacturing the level control experimental equipment, measuring the flow rate, and checking the level control phenomenon were conducted with the assembly-type liquid level control experimental equipment to systematically learn the level control.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.386-396
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• 2020

Objective : To generate synthetic spine magnetic resonance (MR) images from spine computed tomography (CT) using generative adversarial networks (GANs), as well as to determine the similarities between synthesized and real MR images. Methods : GANs were trained to transform spine CT image slices into spine magnetic resonance T2 weighted (MRT2) axial image slices by combining adversarial loss and voxel-wise loss. Experiments were performed using 280 pairs of lumbar spine CT scans and MRT2 images. The MRT2 images were then synthesized from 15 other spine CT scans. To evaluate whether the synthetic MR images were realistic, two radiologists, two spine surgeons, and two residents blindly classified the real and synthetic MRT2 images. Two experienced radiologists then evaluated the similarities between subdivisions of the real and synthetic MRT2 images. Quantitative analysis of the synthetic MRT2 images was performed using the mean absolute error (MAE) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Results : The mean overall similarity of the synthetic MRT2 images evaluated by radiologists was 80.2%. In the blind classification of the real MRT2 images, the failure rate ranged from 0% to 40%. The MAE value of each image ranged from 13.75 to 34.24 pixels (mean, 21.19 pixels), and the PSNR of each image ranged from 61.96 to 68.16 dB (mean, 64.92 dB). Conclusion : This was the first study to apply GANs to synthesize spine MR images from CT images. Despite the small dataset of 280 pairs, the synthetic MR images were relatively well implemented. Synthesis of medical images using GANs is a new paradigm of artificial intelligence application in medical imaging. We expect that synthesis of MR images from spine CT images using GANs will improve the diagnostic usefulness of CT. To better inform the clinical applications of this technique, further studies are needed involving a large dataset, a variety of pathologies, and other MR sequence of the lumbar spine.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.691-698
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• 2003

We extend the sue of the method of least square to develop a recursive algorithm for the design of adaptive transversal filters such that, given the least-square estimate of this vector of the filter at iteration n-l, we may compute the updated estimate of this vector at iteration n upon the arrival of new data. We begin the development of the RLS algorithm by reviewing some basic relations that pertain to the method of least squares. Then, by exploiting a relation in matrix algebra known as the matrix inversion lemma, we develop the RLS algorithm. An important feature of the RLS algorithm is that it utilizes information contained in the input data, extending back to the instant of time when the algorithm is initiated. In this paper, we propose new tap weight updated RLS algorithm in adaptive transversal filter with data-recycling buffer structure. We prove that convergence speed of learning curve of RLS algorithm with data-recycling buffer is faster than it of exiting RLS algorithm to mean square error versus iteration number. Also the resulting rate of convergence is typically an order of magnitude faster than the simple LMS algorithm. We show that the number of desired sample is portion to increase to converge the specified value from the three dimension simulation result of mean square error according to the degree of channel amplitude distortion and data-recycle buffer number. This improvement of convergence character in performance, is achieved at the B times of convergence speed of mean square error increase in data recycle buffer number with new proposed RLS algorithm.

• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.289-314
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• 2013

Achievement profile by attribute in Korean students' mathematics was analyzed by applying cognitive diagnostic model, which is the newest measurement theory, to 2011 NAEA(National Assessment of Educational Assessment) results. The results are as follows. As the level of school is higher from 6th grade, 9th grade to 11th grade, the percentage of students mastering cognitive attribute 9(expressions using picture, table, graph, formula, symbol, writing, etc) drastically declined from 78%, 35% to 26%. It is necessary to have learning strategies to reinforce their abilities of expressing table, graph, etc. that higher graders in mathematics are more vulnerable to. Next, the property of mastering cognitive attributes according to gender, multi-cultural family was analyzed. In terms of mathematics, the percentage of girls mastering most of the attribute generally is higher than that of boys from 6th grade to 9th grade, however, boys show higher mastery in almost attributes than girls in the 11th grade. Compared to boys, the part where girls have the most trouble is attribute 9 in mathematics(expressions using picture, table, graph, formula, symbol, writing, etc). As international marriage, influx of foreign workers, etc. increase, the number of students from Korea's multi-cultural families is expected to be higher, therefore, identifying the characteristics of their educational achievement is significant in reinforcing Korea's basic achievement. In mathematics, gap of mastery level of attributes between multi-cultural group and ordinary group is more severe in higher grade and the type of multi-cultural group that needs supports for improving achievement most urgently changed in 6th grade, 9th grade and 11th grade respectively. In the 6th and 11th grade, migrant students from North Korea show the lowest level of mastering attributes, however, in the 9th grade, the mastery rate of immigrant students is lowest. Therefore, there is an implication that supporting plans for improving achievement of students from multi-cultural family should establish other strategies based on the characteristics of school level.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.318-326
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether standardized patient(SP) can be used as a reliable examiner in Objective Structured Clinical Examination(OSCE). 4 SPs and 4 faculties who have more than 2 years experience of OSCE scoring were selected. For 1 assignment 2 members of faculty and 2 SPs were designated as raters. SPs were educated for assessing 2 technical skills, male Foley catheter insertion and wound dressing, for 8 hours (4 hours / day, each topic). The definition, method, cautions and complications for each of procedural skills were covered in the education. Theoretical lectures, video learning, faculty demonstration and practical training on mannequins were employed. The 8 raters were standardized for an hour with simulated OSCE scoring using previous videos on the day before the OSCE. Each assessment was composed of 14 checklists and 1 global rate. The allotted time for each assignment was 5minutes and for evaluation time 2 minutes per student. The evaluation from the faculty and SPs were compared and analyzed with the GENOVA program. The overall generalizability coefficient (G coefficient) was 0.839 from two cases of OASTS. The reliability of the raters was high, 0.946. The inter-rater agreement between faculty group and SP group was 0.949 for checklist and 0.908 for global rating. Therefore SPs can play a role of raters in OSCE for procedural skills, if they are given the appropriate training.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2008

In the mobile Internet environment, frequent communications between a mobile device and a content server are required for searching or downloading learning materials. In this paper, we propose an efficient prefetching technique to reduce the network cost and to improve the communication efficiency in the mobile dictionary. Our prefetching-based approach can be explained as follows. First, we propose an overall framework for the prefetching-based mobile dictionary. Second, we present a systematic way of determining the amount of prefetching data for each of packet-based and flat-rate billing cases. Third, by focusing on the English-Korean mobile dictionary for middle or high school students, we propose an intuitive method of determining the words to be prefetched in advance. Fourth, based on these determination methods, we propose an efficient prefetching algorithm. Fifth, through experiments, we show the superiority of our prefetching-based method. From this approach, we can summarize major contributions as follows. First, to our best knowledge, this is the first attempt to exploit prefetching techniques in mobile applications. Second, we propose a systematic way of applying prefetching techniques to a mobile dictionary. Third, using prefetching techniques we improve the overall performance of a network-based mobile dictionary. Experimental results show that, compared with the traditional on-demand approach, our prefetching based approach improves the average performance by $9.8%{\sim}33.2%$. These results indicate that our framework can be widely used not only in the mobile dictionary but also in other mobile Internet applications that require the prefetching technique.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.572-578
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• 2020

The stock market is affected by unexpected factors, such as politics, society, and natural disasters, as well as by corporate performance and economic conditions. In recent days, artificial intelligence has become popular, and many researchers have tried to conduct experiments with that. Our study proposes an experiment using not only stock-related data but also other various economic data. We acquired a year's worth of data on stock prices, the percentage of foreigners, interest rates, and exchange rates, and combined them in various ways. Thus, our input data became diversified, and we put the combined input data into a nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) model. With the input data in the NARX model, we analyze and compare them to the original data. As a result, the model exhibits a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.08 as being the most accurate when we set 10 neurons and two delays with a combination of stock prices and exchange rates from the U.S., China, Europe, and Japan. This study is meaningful in that the exchange rate has the greatest influence on stock prices, lowering the error from RMSE 0.589 when only closing data are used.