• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2011

This research was carried out to investigate frost damage of mulberry tree (Morus alba) according to topographic characteristics in Buan province. The first bud-break, leafing, blooming and harvest date of mulberry tree in 2010 were two, four, fourteen and eight days later than those in 2009, respectively. These results were that daily mean temperature during March and April in 2010 were lower than those in 2009 by $2.3^{\circ}C$ and $2.4^{\circ}C$. Frost damage of orchards at flat-bottomed valley, flat near hill and lake, and plain were 50.0%,12.0%, and 4.2%, respectively. Also, frost damage of branch of below 15 mm in diameter was serious than that of branch over 16 mm, but orchard at flat-bottomed valley was high as the range of 46.2~54.0%. These results in 2010 were caused by occurrence of below zero temperatures in leafing stage. Since then, many shoots came out at accessary bud on proximal and the top part of the branches. Therefore, frost damage of mulberry tree in Buan province in 2010 was caused by occurrence of below zero temperatures on April and topographic characteristics of orchard.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 1997

Taxa of the herbivorus insect larvae and their foodplant species were surveyed in a temperate forest of Namhansansung Area, Sungnam City, Kyonggi Province, in 1994-1996 growing season, Sixty two taxa of insect larvae fed on leaves of 18 woody species in 11 families during three growing season. Larvae began to be detected from the mid-April when the leafing time began. The number of larvae taxa reached to the maximum value(32 taxa) early in May, 1994. It was the time that the value of specific leaf area reached to the maximum. It decreased up to 3-4 taxa in the mid-June. Taxa of insect larvae were different year by year even in the same season. Most of larvae fed on various plant species, suggesting that they were generalist or polyphagous species. Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Ulmaceae, Rosaceae. Aceraceae, Ericaceae, Oleaceae and Styracaceae were fed on by many taxa of insect larvae, while Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae). Lindera obtusiloba(Lauraceae) and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa(Symplocaceae) were mainly fed on by a few taxon.. Erannis, Calospilos and Phigalia were observed to feed on various species, but Illiberis, Pryeria and Chalocosia fed on only Rosaceae, Euonymus spp.(Cerastraceae) and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa(Symplocaceae), respectively. An unidentified larva was observed only on Lindera obtusiloba (Lauraceae).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 1991

Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a native a native rare plant which has been designating as the Natural Monument, No. 266, since 1980. The floristic composition, population structure and maintenance mechanism of the Berchemia berchemiaefolia forest were investigated in conjunction with the habitat consisted of the block field or screes. Through the present study, the authors found a new habitat of Berchemia berchemiaefolia in the northeastern slope on Mt. Kumdansan located at Hajeok-ri, Cheongcheon-myeon, Koesan-gun, chungbuk province. Gravels consisted of the block field belonged to granule, pebble and cobble as the range of grain size, $\Phi$=-1.5~6.6 values. The tree layer of Berchemia berchemiaefolia community was mainly composed of Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora and Q. serrata including Berchemia berchemiaefolia and of this community were similar to that of Q. variabilis. By the age distribution, it was considered that the community was a discontinued one as the pattern of distribution was a normal distribution type(N type). Phenological cycle including leafing, blooming and seed-bearing period between both sites of block field and valley or close canopy showed some differences. The seed production of Berchemia berchemiaefolia was 8, 655, 000 seeds/ha/year, but only 406, 000 seeds/ha/year of them were developed as saplings, and only 4 saplings were developed to mature trees.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.117-129
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• 2021

In this review, we aimed to synthesize the current knowledge on the observed and projected effects of climate change on the ecosystems of Korea (i.e., the Republic of Korea (ROK) or South Korea), as well as the main causes of vulnerability and options for adaptation in these ecosystems based on a range of ecological and biogeographical data. To this end, we compiled a set of peer-reviewed papers published since 2014. We found that publication of climate-related studies on plants has decreased in the field of plant phenology and physiology, whereas such publication has rapidly increased in plant and animal community ecology, reflecting the range shifts and abundance change that are occurring under climate change. Plant phenology studies showed that climate change has increased growing seasons by advancing the timing of flowering and budburst while delaying the timing of leafing out. Community ecology studies indicated that the future ranges of cold-adapted plants and animals could shrink or shift toward northern and high-elevation areas, whereas the ranges of warm-adapted organisms could expand and/or shift toward the areas that the aforementioned cold-adapted biota previously occupied. This review provides useful information and new insights that will improve understanding of climate change effects on the ecosystems of Korea. Moreover, it will serve as a reference for policy-makers seeking to establish future sectoral adaptation options for protection against climate change.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2003

The consumer's feelings toward products is each evaluated and appears in different way that is to say there are various types of motives for deciding a purchase for example, there might be an interesting function and emotional reaction. How is the product image that induces motives like this metaphorized and evaluated to be existing in the mental image. This study inquired into, it by presenting problems conscious of both sides indicated above, the major points associated with image of the product, characteristic positions of product elements and evaluation of the product. To draw out a clear conclusion, first three hypotheses were established and case a study was performed as part of conclusive research for verification of this. The collected data was made, by simple tabulation to represent the overall flow, and based on this, concrete analysis was conducted on the three reserch items. The analysis method weighted on quantitative analysis with consideration to consumer's psychological aspect. As the result, three important conclusions could be drawn out or ratiocination for evaluation of mental image formation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.483-488
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• 2014

Lime-bordeaux mixture (LBM) has been used instead of pesticides in ginseng field and orchard since the 1960's in Korea. In this experiment, LBM was made with different concentrations and sprayed in the field of ginseng for eco-friendly cultivation. Growth characteristics and disease such as alternaria blight, anthracnose, and gray mold were investigated in 4-5 year old ginseng after spraying LBM. LBM caused a little damage on leaf when it was sprayed at the time of leafing stage, late April and early May. Root weights of five-year-old ginseng were 43.1~51.5 g and 41.2~46.6 g in the plot of mid-April and mid-May treatments, respectively. These growth levels were further reduced as compared with that of the chemicals treatment plot. The rate of diseases in the plot of 6-6 and 8-8 ratio were 0.0~4.8% and 0.0~4.4%, respectively, which was similar with that in the plot of chemical control for alternaria blight and anthracnose. However, LBM had little effect on controling gray mold. It showed lower control effect in the plot of 4-4 ratio than that of chemical control. This result will be expected to be a useful guide that can be used in the field to the farmers of the ginseng.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.332-335
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• 2015

Taphrina wiesneri, a pathogen of cherry witches' broom, is highly pathogenic to Prunus yedoensis Matsumura which are widely planted in parks and streets in South Korea. In order to control the disease, it is crucial to know the life cycle of the fungus. We attempted to detect the fungus tentatively overwintering in shoots and branches of cherry trees both having witches' broom and healthy before flowering and leafing in spring using PCR with species-specific primer set (TwITSF and TwITSR). Genomic DNAs were extracted from the symptomatic and the asymptomatic shoots or branches. Results indicated that T. wiesneri is present in leaf buds and inner bark not only in symptomatic branches but also in the asymptomatic branches in diseased trees. However, the fungus was not detected in flower buds of the symptomatic trees and any samples of healthy trees.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2007

This article addresses considerations, processes of drawing concepts and design approaches in compiling a corporate brochure set in the practice of editorial design. A well-made brochure does not simply refer to listings of the current state of a company and a fantastic visualization of their visions. It necessarily involves the utilization of strategic core keywords appropriate to the industry, proper and classy metaphors that fit the target, a certain harmony between direct and indirect narratives, and bringing all of these aspects under the hat of creative and purposeful design in a single brochure. Thus, it also calls for variety and changes to captivate the eye when leafing through brochures. 1. Does the brochure reflect accurate diagnoses on the position of the market environment, the industry and their needs? 2. Does it offer solutions to given tasks, does it claim to be able to solve problems a company may have, does it satisfy their expectations, and does it cover the topics in an in-depth manner? 3. Referring to questions 1 & 2, does it address existing cases of competitors, leading players and global trends? 4. Does it have an appropriate design language that can communicate intrinsic issues and global trends as well as appropriate rhetorical visual aids that stand out?

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.279-282
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the aerial parts growth, yield of fresh ginseng roots, quality of red ginseng roots, and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm, PSII) in leaves between non-irrigation plot and furrow irrigation plot during the ginseng growing seasons. The aerial part growth in furrow irrigation plot was higher than non-irrigation plot in all including the emergency rate, leafing rate and relatively growth rate. Root yield per 10a in irrigation plot was increased about 50% as compared with that of non-irrigation, also heaven and earth grade of red ginseng roots yield in irrigation plot was higher (40.3%) compared with that (30.6%) of non-irrigation plot in 6-years-old ginseng plant. Furrow irrigation markedly improved the ginseng quality and yield in comparison to non irrigation condition. Therefore it needs to control the soil moisture during the growing season for high yield and good qualities of ginseng roots.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2006

Recent global warming seems to be dramatic and has influenced forest ecosystems. Changes in phonology of biota, species distribution range shift and catastrophic climatic disasters due to recent global warming have been observed during the last century. Korean forests located mainly in the temperate zone also have been experienced climatic change impacts including shifting of leafing and flowering phonology, changes in natural disasters and forest productivity, However, little research has been conducted on the impact of climate change on forest ecosystems in Korea which is essential to assess the impact and extent of adaptation. Also there is a shortage in basic long-term data of forest ecosystem processes. Careful data collection and ecological process modeling should be focused on characteristic Korean forest ecosystems which are largely complex terrain that might have hindered research activities. An integrative ecosystem study which covers forest dynamics, biological diversity, water and carbon flux and cycles in a forest ecosystem and spatial and temporal dynamics modeling is introduced. Global warming effects on Korean forest ecosystems are reviewed. Forestry activity and the importance of forest ecosystems as a dynamic carbon reservoir are discussed. Forest management options and challenges for future research, impact assessment, and preparation of mitigating measures in Korea are proposed.