• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1323-1334
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• 2010

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) on antioxidant system and protective mechanism against oxidative stress under UV-B radiation was investigated in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings during 3 days growth period. UV-B irradiation caused a decrease of leaf biomass including leaf length, width and weight during growth. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated UV-B stress induced growth suppression. NO donor permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem II than in non-treated controls under UV-B stress, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in maize leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin, UV-B absorbing compounds, were significantly accumulated in the maize leaves upon UV-B exposure. Moreover, the increase of these compounds was intensified in the NO treated seedlings. UV-B treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in maize leaves, while NO donor prevented UV-B induced increase in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$. These results demonstrate that NO serves as antioxidant agent able to scavenge $H_2O_2$ to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize leaves in the presence of NO donor under UV-B stress were higher than those under UV-B stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3- oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the maize leaves arrested NO donor mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and free radical scavenging activity. However, PTIO had little effect on maize leaves under UV-B stress compared with that of UV-B stress alone. $N^{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), significantly increased $H_2O_2$ and MDA accumulation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in maize leaves under UV-B stress. This demonstrates that NOS inhibitor LNNA has opposite effects on oxidative resistance. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation and thus confer UV-B tolerance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.417-422
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to assess the regime of heat shock protein and leaf temperature caused by high temperature stress in chinese cabbage grown in alpine region. In monsoon period, high temperature and heavy rain have caused a stress condition for the cultured higher plants. Chinese cabbages were grown in different altitude, i.e. 600 m and 1,100 m. It was demonstrated that heat shock protein (Hsp 90) in alpine chinese cabbage leaf was actively expressed by high temperature and surplus nitrogen application. As a results of thermo-graphically observed leaf temperatures, chinese cabbage grown in high altitude region were ranged from 20.5 to $24.3^{\circ}C$ while in low altitude from 24.0 to $31.5^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, analysis of assimilated nutrients indicated that total nitrogen content was higher in plant grown under high temperature than under low temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2018

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of spermine treatment on the growth, yield and quality in strawberry under low-temperature condition, and thereby develop a chemical method to minimize damages by low temperature in greenhouse cultivation. Spermine treatment significantly improved the growth of strawberry in terms of leaf number, leaf area, leaf length, leaf diameter, plant height and plant weight. The highest effect was observed in the 250 uM spermine treatment and the effect tended to be maintained during the entire growth period of 90 days. Fresh weight and dry weight were significantly different depending on the concentrations of spermine. Strawberry plants treated with 250 uM spermine showed higher fresh weight and dry weight compared to untreated control plants during the growth period. Fruit weight, fruit length and fruit diameter were relatively higher when treated with $100{\mu}M$ spermine compared to other treatments. The fruit yield was the highest with 14 fruits per plant at $250{\mu}M$ spermine treatment and the coloration of the fruit was the best at this treatment with the Hunter a and b values of 46.56 and 28.75, respectively. The hardness of strawberry fruit tended to increase higher than 2N at $250{\mu}M$ and $500{\mu}M$ 250 uM spermine treatment. The sugar content of strawberries treated with $250{\mu}M$ spermine was $9.5^{\circ}$ Bx which was $1.6^{\circ}$ Bx higher compared to that in untreated control. However, spermine treatment did not affect the acidity of fruit and it remained 0.68-0.76% regardless of treatment concentrations. These results suggest that spermine treatment has a positive effect on the growth and productivity of strawberry fruit under abnormal low-temperature condition. The positive effect was the highest at $250{\mu}M$ spermine treatment and gradually decreased in the order of $100{\mu}M$, $500{\mu}M$, and untreated control.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

Compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen was used at golf course management because of promoting turfgrass growth and decreasing fertilizing labor. But, it was hardly published about turf grass growth by its effect and form like isobutylidene diurea(IBDU) and methylene urea(MU) in golf course management of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of compound fertilizer contained slow release nitrogen such as IBDU and MU on creeping bentgrasss and the change in nitrogen in the root zone after application of fertilizers at AM turfgrass research institute with soil analysis, chlorophyll content index, leaf area index and dry weight during 5 months from July to december in 2007 year. Fertilizer treatments were designed as following; non-fertilizer(NF), straight fertilizer(CF), treatment 1(MU), treatment 2(IBDU 1), and treatment 3(IBDU 2). The every treatments were arranged a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results obtained were summarized as follows: As relative to time after N fertilizers application, ammonium and nitrate in soil were increased, but T-N was decrease. $NO_3$-N and T-N content of slow release fertilizer(SRF), the treatment MU, IBDU 1 and IBDU 2, in soil was higher than that of CF, and the change of ratio of available N and T-N by elapsed time after fertilizing SRFs and CF was higher about 5% in root zone of SF to l5days, but in root zone of SRF from 30days about $5{\sim}10%$. Compared with NF, the turf color index was increased 6.5%, 6.7%, 5.9% and 5.5%, respectively, the chlorophyll content 33.2%, 38.4%, 35.1% and 37.1%, the dry weight 76.2%, 77.7%, 69.5 and 72.3% and shoot number 28%, 52%, 56% and 51%. The chlorophyll content index of MD, IBDU 1 and IBDU 2 was increased $2.6{\sim}5.2%$ than that of CF, shoot number $18{\sim}22%$ but turf color index and dry weight was analogous to that of CF. These results showed that the SRF application was supplied nitrogen for a long time in root zone by increasing an available nitrogen, and so bring turf growth such as chlorophyll content and shoot number in creeping bentgrass.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1996

The physiological and biochemical characterizations of the ethylene-related mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana - ethylene overproducing mutant (eto1-l) and ethylene insensitive mutants (etrl-3, ein2-l) - were detailed in this studies. Two or three week.old mature rosette leaves (before bolting) were used as the plant materials. Ethylene productions of eto1-l, etrl-3, and ein2-l mutants were about 200%, 400%, and 450% compared to that of wild type, respectively. ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activities of eto1-l mutant were similar to those of wild type. ACC content and ACC N-malonyltransferase activity, however, were 4.5 times and 3 times higher than those of wild type, respectively. SAM synthetase activity increased by 50% in eto1-l mutant plant. These results indicated that the alteration in the eto1-l mutant occured before the step of the conversion of SAM to ACe. In etrl-3 and ein2-l mutants, ACC synthase activities increased, but ACC oxidase activities decreased. ACC content and ACC N-malonyltransfcrase activity were 2 times higher than those of wild type. SAM synthetase activity in etrl-3 is similar to those of wild type, while it increased by 73% in ein2-l. These results showed that the block in ethylene action affected the autoregulation of ethylene biosynthesis, so that ACC synthase activity was not autoinhibited and ACC oxidase activity was not auto stimulated by ethylene. When the leaf tissues were used for in vitro kinase assay, a cytosolic protein (approximately 36 kDa) was phosphorylated only in eto1-l and ein2-l mutants.utants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate fertigation effects of pig slurry (PS) and chemical fertilizer (CF) in cucumber by investigating the growth and yield, nutrient content and uptake, nutrient use efficiency, and soil characteristics in greenhouse cultivation. The cropping patterns of cucumber were semi-forcing culture and retarding culture, and the experiment involves four treatments: No fertilizer (NF), $26mg\;L^{-1}$ and $52mg\;L^{-1}$ of N application by slurry composting biofiltration liquefied fertilizer (SCBLF), and $52mg\;L^{-1}$ of N treatment by chemical fertilizer. The difference on the plant height of cucumber between SCBLF and CF treatments was no significant, but fresh weight and dry weight of stem and root were higher in $26mg\;L^{-1}$ SCBLF treatment. The Ca content of the leaf was lower in the treatments of SCBLF and the K content of the root was lower in the $52mg\;L^{-1}$ CF treatment. The Ca content of the stem was lowest in the $52mg\;L^{-1}$ CF treatment and the mineral content of the fruit showed no significant difference. In case of semi-forcing culture, the gross yield was lower in the $52mg\;L^{-1}$ CF treatment and the yield of unmarketable fruit was lower in the SCBLF treatments. The nutrient use efficiency of cucumber is as follows: K (8.3 ~ 30.9%), N (4.2 ~ 13.0%), P (1.9 ~ 2.0%). The SCBLF treatments showed higher figure in the soil pH than that of the CF treatment, while EC and the content of $NO_3$-N were higher in the CF treatment than the former. The content of exchangeable K was higher in the plot treated with $52mg\;L^{-1}$ SCBLF, and there were no significant differences in the content of Ca and Mg between the treatments. In conclusion, it is suggested that the application of liquefied manure made from pig slurry may be able to replace the use of chemical fertilizer in nitrogen and potassium.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid manure source, application rate and time on the agronomic characteristics and forage yield of winter rye. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. The treatments were : CFB150=chemical fertilizer(CF) 150 N as basal, CFS150=CF 150 N as split application (75+75), SLB150=swine liquid (SL) 150 N as basal, SLS150=SL 150 N as split application (75+75), SLB300=SL 300 N as basal, SLS150=SL 300 N as split application(150+150), CLB150=cattle liquid (CL) 150 N as basal, CLS150=CL 150 N as split awlication(75+75), CLB300=CL 300 N as basal, CLS150=CL 300 N as split application(150+150). Heading date of the plant was observed on the 17th of April fur both chemical fertilizer and swine liquid, and on the 16th of April for cattle liquid. Stay green of chemical fertilizer was higher than others because of high crude protein content. Leaf was darker in high nitrogen fertilizer treatments than low N treatments. However lodging resistance was poor as nitrogen fertilizer was increased. Dry matter (DM) content of rye at chemical fertilizer was lower than liquid manure. DM yield of chemical fertilizer treatments were highest among the fertilizer source. However, DM yield of rye with application was all most same at different N application methods. The crude protein (CP) content and yield for chemical fertilizer was significantly higher than liquid manure. CP yield using split application was higher by 16% and 28%, compared to basal application. Based on the results of this study, forage production of liquid manure was lower, compared to chemical fertilizer. And split application was superior to basal application forage and protein yields, and high protein.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of the fertilizer concentration after flowering on growth a31d fruit setting of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), plants were fertilized with $100\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N ($EC=0.8\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}) until flowering, and then with 0 (no fertilizer), 100, 200 or $300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N (fertilizer solution EC of 0.15, 0.8, 1.45 or $2.10\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}, respectively) until harvest. Maximum leaf area and shoot dry mass at the end of the growing period were obtained when plants were fertilized with $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. Total fruit number per plant at the end of the growing period was not different when plants were fertilized with 100,200 or 300 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}of N concentration. When plants were fertilized with $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N, the number of fruits per plant was decreased significantly as compared to 100, 200 or $300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N, whereas the percentage of red fruits at the end of the growing period was maximized. Total fruit fresh weight per plant at the end of the growing period was highest with the concentration of $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. The EC of the growing medium remained within 0.8 to $1.2\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}\;2.0\;to\;3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}, or 3.0 to 4.5 dS{\cdot}m^{-1}when fertilizer concentrations were 100, 200 or $300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N, respectively. Throughout most of the experiment, the pH of the growing medium remained within 5.4 to 6.2, but dropped to 4.9 near the end of the experiment when fertilizer concentration was 200 or 300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. Content of most of the nutrients In the leaf was not affected by the different fertilizer concentration. Only aluminum was significantly affected and decreased linearly with increasing fertilizer concentration. The results from this study indicated that optimal fertilizer concentration after flowering for commercial production of ornamental pepper was 100 or $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. At these concentrations, the EC of the growing medium remained approximately within 0.8 to 1.2 and 2 to $3\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}, respectively. This appears to be the optimal range for vegetative growth or fruit setting of ornamental pepper plants, and indicates that ornamental pepper can be grown with a fairly wide range of fertilizer concentrations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.613-618
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• 2012

The 5-year-old seedlings and emblings which regenerated from somatic embryos were compared to the height, DBH, foliar characteristics, content of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll), carotenoid and leaf microstructure in Liriodendron tulipifera. In comparison of height and DBH (diameter at breast height), no significant differences were found in height (seedling, 3.8 m; embling, 3.87 m) and DBH (seedling, 12.09 cm; embling, 12.53 cm). The emblings and seedlings were similar in values of length (seedling, 108.11 mm, embling, 113.59 mm), width (seedling, 149.1 mm; embling, 167.71 mm), surface area (seedling, $119.92mm^2$; embling, $164.43mm^2$), fresh weight (seedling, 2.1 g; embling, 2.62 g) of leaf, and length (seedling, 81.49 mm; embling, 98.41 mm) and thickness (seedling, 1.66 mm; embling, 1.98 mm) of petiole. In case of chlorophyll content in the leaves, the chlorophyll a (seedlings, $11.2{\mu}g/g$; emblings, $13.2{\mu}g/g$), b (seedlings, $4.8{\mu}g/g$; emblings, $5.4{\mu}g/g$) and total content were higher in emblings ($930.2{\mu}g/g$) than seedlings ($800.1{\mu}g/g$), however, content of carotenoid (seedlings, $260.3{\mu}g/g$; embling, $265.2{\mu}g/g$) showed similar in both plants. Leaves of emblings had a similar pattern of histological structure (palisade or sponge parenchyma) to that of seedlings leaves. Therefore, the results showed that there were no remarkable growth differences when compared with 5-year-emblings and seedlings of yellow poplar.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.291-296
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• 1986

A pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of water management and application of slaked lime and wollastonite on Pb uptake of rice in a Pb added soil. The soil was adjusted to 0, 150, 300 and 600 ppm of Pb concentration. The slake lime was applied at the equivalent amount of lime requirement with 150kg/10a adding and the wollastonite, 200kg/10a, respectively. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The lead contents in leaf stem and brown rice increased with increasing the soil Pb content and the ratio of Pb/(Ca+Mg) equivalent in soil but they showed no influence on yields. 2. The application of lime and wollastonite reduced Pb content in plant. 3. The lead content in plant was higher in intermittently irrigated treatment than in submersed irrigation. 4. The soil pH was increased in the order of lime, wollastonite and control. 5. $1N-NH_4$ OAC soluble Pb content in soil was higher in the submersed irrigation than in the intermittently irrigated and was higher in wollastonite application treatment than the slaked lime after harvesting.