• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2009

In order to provide basic data for the prevention of adverse effects of lead on health, we examined lead levels in the blood of 30 handicapped workers employed in manufacturing electronic components in Seoul from 2002 to 2008. The average lead level in the blood of all the subjects was $4.79{\pm}4.32{\mu}g/dL$ in females, $2.64{\pm}2.31{\mu}g/dL$ in males, and $3.88{\pm}3.75{\mu}g/dL$ in total. Lead levels examined in this study were significantly lower than other investigators study have reported. The average lead level from personal exposure of the subjects was $1.44{\pm}0.91mg/m^3$ in the workplace. The relation between blood lead levels and personal exposure was a simple linear regression; it's equation was "Lead level in blood = 6.04 - 1.92 lead level by personal exposure".

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.527-532
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• 2010

Exposure to lead, particularly at chronic low-dose levels, is still a major public health concern. The present study is aimed to evaluate the blood lead levels in populations resident in some abandoned mine areas of Chungbuk, Korea. Eight hundreds and sixty-six subjects who reside in abandoned mine area located in Chungbuk, Korea, were enrolled this study. We evaluated the blood lead level according to the age, gender, and working history in mines. For statistical analysis, SPSS ver 12.0 was used. The geometric mean blood lead levels was $2.93\;{\mu}g/{\ell}$ and nobody showed levels over the guidelines of WHO. Ex-smokers and current-smokers showed significantly higher blood lead levels compared to that of non-smokers. The blood lead levels in individuals with a history of working in a mine was higher than those in individuals without such histories. The populations resident in some Chungbuk abadoned mine area showed low levels of lead in blood. This suggest that lead poisoning might not be induced by abandoned mine in Chungbuk, Korea.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2002

비둘기 깃털을 이용하여 섬지역(경기도 덕적도), 도심지역(서울), 공단지역(여천, 안산, 울산, 부산)의 납 오염 수준을 모니터링 해본 결과, 깃털의 평균 납 농도는 섬지역이 2.55 $\mu\textrm{g}$/wet g, 도심 지역이 4.99 $\mu\textrm{g}$/wet g, 공단지역이 3.08~9.01 $\mu\textrm{g}$/wet g, 으로 각 지역간에 유의한 농도 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 다만, 여천 공단의 경우 다른 공단에 비해 상대적으로 낮게 나타났으며 섬지역과 비슷한 수준의 납이 검출되었다. 이러한 각 지역간 깃털의 납 농도는 대기오염 농도와도 비슷한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 납 농도가 비교적 낮은 덕적도와 여천 공단의 경우 간과 깃털 조직간에 정의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌지만(p<0.05) 그외의 지역에서는 상대적으로 간 농도에 비해 깃털의 농도가 높았으며, 두 조직간에 상관관계가 없는 것으로 조사되었다(p>0.05) 이와 같은 결과는 덕적도와 여천 공단지역의 깃털 중 납의 대부분은 체내 조직으로부터 깃털로 이행되어진 것으로 판단되지만, 그 외 지역에서는 체내 조직에서 깃털로 이행된 양보다는 외부로부터 깃털에 부착된 양이 더 크다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1998년도 Proceedings of UNESCO-internetwork Cooperative Regional Seminar and Workshop on Bioassay Guided Isolation of Bioactive Substances from Natural Products and Microbial Products
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• pp.144-144
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• 1998

The physiological responses caused by exposure of high- and low-level lead exhibit different phase. Low-level lead continuous hypertension, but high-level lead can in the development of hypertension. In this study it was tested which difference can be caused as lead levels and, if it can be caused, whether hematological changes are related with the hypertensive effects induced by different levels of lead exposure was tested. Lead intoxication in male SD rats was induced by exposure through drinking water containing 50, 200 and 1000 ppm lead (as lead acetate). The animals of control group was supplied drinking water containing sodium acetate ad libitum. The number of each animal group was 10. Systolic blood pressures were measured in the unanesthetized state by the tail-cuff technique at 0, 3, 7 and 16 weeks. RBC, WBC, MCV, hemoglobin, hematocrit and whole blood viscosity levels were examined.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2014

The mechanisms by which iron is absorbed are similar to those of divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium. These metals, however, show different toxicokinetics in relation to menarche or menopause, although their interaction with iron is the same. This review focuses on the kinetics of these three toxic metals (manganese, lead, and cadmium) in relation to menarche, pregnancy, and menopause. The iron-manganese interaction is the major factor determining sex-specific differences in blood manganese levels throughout the whole life cycle. The effects of estrogen overshadow the association between iron deficiency and increased blood lead concentrations, explaining why women, despite having lower ferritin concentrations, have lower blood lead concentrations than men. Iron deficiency is associated with elevated cadmium levels in premenopausal women, but not in postmenopausal women or men; these findings indicate that sex-specific differences in cadmium levels at older ages are not due to iron-cadmium interactions, and that further studies are required to identify the source of these differences. In summary, the potential causes of sex-specific differences in the blood levels of manganese, lead, and cadmium differ from each other, although all these three metals are associated with iron deficiency. Therefore, other factors such as estrogen effects, or absorption rate as well as iron deficiency, should be considered when addressing environmental exposure to toxic metals and sex-specific differences in the blood levels of these metals.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.269-276
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• 1992

인체에 영향을 미치는 중금속은 대개 환경중에서 음식물, 공기, 먼지 및 음료수를 통하여 축적된다. 본 연구는 중금속중 납이 인체에 미치는 유해정도를 평가하기 위하여 서울과 여주등 대기중 납농도가 차이가 나는 지역주민들의 혈액중 납농도를 측정하여 Bio kinetic Model을 이용 납에 대한 인체의 위해성 정도를 알아보았으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. - 지역별로는 혈액중 납농도가 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았으나 나이와 성별에 따라서는 다소 차이가 나고 있다. - 또한 혈액중 납농도는 log normal 분포를 나타내고 있음. - 기하표준편차는 1.2 $\sim$ 1.3 정도의 값으로 미국 EPA에서 추정한 1.31 $\sim$ 1.41의 값보다 약간 적은 값을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2004

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted to evaluate vitamin C nutritional status by assessing dietary intake and blood vitamin C level and to identify the relationships between dietary vitamin C intake, serum vitamin C level and blood lead level in Korean lead workers. The study population was 118 lead workers from two battery manufacturing factories and 63 non-lead-exposed controls. A food consumption survey was conducted by the 24-hr recall method to determine the dietary vitamin C intake level. The anthropometric measurements, blood collection, and survey were performed between September and November, 2000. Blood lead levels and serum vitamin C levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Vitamin C nutritional status of Korean lead workers was lower than that of the control group, in terms of both dietary intake and the biochemical index: the mean daily dietary intake level of vitamin C of lead workers was 65.9mg (94% RDA), while that of controls was 132.6mg(189% RDA) ; and the serum vitamin C status of lead workers (0.10mg/dl) was significantly lower than that of controls (1.08mg/dl ; p<0.001). Both dietary vitamin C intake and serum vitamin C levels showed a significant negative correlation with blood lead level (p<0.001), which indicates that strategies of dietary management to promote the health of Korean lead workers should focus on promoting the vitamin C intakes of individuals.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2002년도 춘계 국제 학술대회
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• pp.60-63
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• 2002

Objectives : To estimate the correlation of blood lead level of families and environmental factors and infer its influence on blood lead levels in the Korean urban area in Seoul Korea. Methods : The study subjects comprised 499 men and 489 women from 366 families and we analyzed the blood lead level using induced coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy and had interviews. Results : The mean blood lead level of men was 3.00 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL. The stastical analysis of this study used the tool of frequency rate and t-test between blood lead levels of families and environmental factors. Especially father's smoking and dusty workplace environment showed significancy to blood lead levels. Conclusion : There was positive relationship of blood lead level to several environmental factors. These facts show outdoor environment is more influential than home environment.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2013

Objectives: This study attempted to develop a method to measure ultra-trace lead concentrations in plasma using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) and to test whether plasma lead can be used as a biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 160 plasma samples of field workers and 42 plasma samples from the control group were measured by ICP-MS. Blood zinc protophorphyrin(ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The mean lead level in the plasma of the workers exposed to lead at work were 786.1 ng/L. Plasma lead levels were not correlated with blood ZPP or urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations. Otherwise, plasma lead levels showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.400 with blood lead levels, and their correlation coefficient had a better value of 0.552 for the non-smoking and drinking group. In the general population group which was not exposed to lead in the workplace and was considered the control group, the mean concentration of plasma lead was 123.1 ng/L. The plasma lead levels for the general population group showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.520 with blood ZPP and urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2013

Children are particularly vulnerable to adverse health effects associated with heavy metal exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between proximity to an industry complex and blood lead and urinary cadmium levels for children aged 7-13 who lived in Ulsan where a big petrochemical complex is located. We conducted a questionnaire survey to collect data including sociodemographics, daily habits, residential environment, etc. We also analyzed blood lead and urinary cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software version 9.2. We calculated distance by using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS version 10.0). The geometric mean blood lead level was 1.55 ${\mu}g/dL$ (boys: 1.59 ${\mu}g/dL$, girls: 1.51 ${\mu}g/dL$), and the geometric mean urinary cadmium level was 0.51 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine (boys: 0.45 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine, girls: 0.58 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine). In the results of regression analyses, we found that urinary cadmium levels significantly decreased as distance between residence and industrial complex increased after adjusting for age, gender, income, passive smoking and the length of residence. This result was opposite to that for lead levels. Our observations support the hypothesis that urinary cadmium levels in children are related to their proximity to an industrial complex.