• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.688-693
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• 2016

이 연구에서는 해양경찰조직 내에서 발생하는 다양한 갈등을 진단하고 더불어 갈등을 유발시킬 수 있는 해양경찰조직의 지배적인 주류문화와 다르게 형성되어 있는 하위문화에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 아울러 해양경찰조직 자체가 가지고 있는 관료제적 가치와 민주적 가치와의 균형이나 대립 그리고 모순으로 인한 보편화된 갈등과 마찰에 대해 논의하고자 한다. 해양경찰의 하위문화가 조직 갈등에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 냉소주의가 기능적 갈등에 미치는 영향 중에는 피조사자의 거짓말과 경찰에 대한 비신뢰성이 강할수록 기능적 갈등을 겪는 것으로 나타났고, 계층적 갈등에서는 경찰업무에 대한 비협조와 비신뢰성이 강할수록 계층적 갈등을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 남성주의가 기능적 갈등에 미치는 영향에서는 여자경찰관들은 남자경찰관들에 비해 직무수행 능력이 저조하기 때문에 갈등을 겪는 것으로 나타났고, 계층적 갈등에서는 여성경찰관의 직무범위를 축소하고 직무수행능력이 저조하여 갈등을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 변화거부주의가 기능적 갈등에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의미하지 않으며, 상대적인 범죄통제 지향주의에서는 범죄의 통제를 위한 공격적인 태도와 범죄와 무관한 업무를 지양할 경우에 기능적 갈등에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 계층적 갈등에서는 공격적인 태도와 범죄와 무관한 업무를 수행할 때에 계층적인 갈등을 겪는 것으로 나타났다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2015

Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to identify the effects of communication cues, anonymity, and social presence on group polarization in computer-mediated communication (CMC) settings. Extant literature has introduced some theoretical backgrounds of social presence and SIDE (Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects) to explain the effects of communication cues and anonymity. The concept of social presence emphasized the mediating role on communication cues and anonymity. However, most literature did not measure social presence and compare group polarization of all condition groups. This does not sufficiently explain the result of group polarization. Research design, data, and methodology - We believe that the direct impact of anonymity on group polarization can provide a more admissible and clearer explanation for the results. In addition, this study categorizes anonymity into two levels, as anonymity of group and anonymity of self. To justify the anonymity view, a laboratory experiment was conducted. The experiment was conducted in communication cues settings (visual cue; without visual cue) and anonymity settings (identified; anonymous). Each of the four settings has 10 groups consisting of five subjects each (total 200 subjects). The subjects are undergraduates from a large university, majoring in business. All experimental procedures and calculations of choice shift and preference change follow the literature. Results - First, the removal of visual cues does not produce a significant impact on group polarization, which cannot be explained by the social presence view. Second, the anonymous condition does not significantly affect group polarization, which also cannot be explained by the social presence view. However, the anonymous condition directly affects group polarization. Specifically, anonymity of self has a stronger effect on group polarization than anonymity of group. The result explains about the leading factor affecting group polarization. This study examines another view of how computer-mediated communication may be associated with group polarization. The process and outcome data from the experiment reveal that group polarization is not affected by level of social presence, but by level of anonymity. Group discussions conducted with visual cue CMC setting and identified CMC setting result in weaker group polarization. Conversely, group discussions conducted without visual cue CMC setting and anonymous CMC setting lead to stronger group polarization. The results of the study have the following implications. First, they provide clues for business organizations to design the most appropriate media conditions and preemptive social conditions to implement when making group decisions through CMC, to maximize achievements, generate amicable agreements, or actively share information. Second, this study can be useful in analyzing different adverse effects generated through Internet use. Conclusions - This research can help explain discussions and decision-making actions on Internet forums, which have recently increased, as well as providing a foundational basis in newly establishing policies for the forums. Finally, it should be noted that many other factors such as group size, topics, and group history may affect group polarization. These should be examined in future studies.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.276-283
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• 2009

Enrichment in nutrients coming from urban sewage outfalls can lead to eutrophication in coastal areas, which can also change the species composition and community structure of macro algal communities. We investigated the structure of the macro algal community within three rocky shores in order to assess any possible differences in their characteristics. Site 1 was located near Tongyeong city's sewage outfall, Site 2 was located near a public beach area, and Site 3 faced open channel of the Ocean. All three sites were located within the same stretch of the coast, where Site 2 was located between sites 1 and 3. We measured the nutrient concentration in water and the tissue nitrogen content in macro algae samples. Nutrients in the water column surrounding site 1 were high in ammonium ($30.2\pm1.8{\mu}M$), nitrate ($26.2{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$), and phosphate ($2.7{\pm}0.1{\mu}M$) content, and were characterized by low numbers of macroalgal species and species and a low species diversity index. In contrast, site 3 exhibited relatively low nutrient concentration levels and a high number of macroalgal species and a high species diversity index. Comparative analysis showed that the tissue nitrogen content of macroalgae were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the nutrient concentration in the water column. The tissue nitrogen content of green algae within site 1 was higher than the others sites. However, the tissue nitrogen content of brown algae was similar at all three sites. Thus, the tissue nitrogen content of macro algae and the macro algal community structure of intertidal rocky shores were dependent on location and the performance of macroalgal communities was dependent on water quality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2961-2966
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• 2012

Extremely low frequency electro magnetic fields (EMFs) have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. An increased number of chromosomal alterations in peripheral lymphocytes are correlated with elevated incidence of cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess occupationally induced chromosomal damage in EMF workers exposed to low levels of radiation. We used conventional metaphase chromosome aberration (CA) analysis and the micronucleus (MN) assay as biological indicators of non ionizing radiation exposure. In the present study totally 70 subjects were selected including 50 exposed and 20 controls. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants and the study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the approval of the local ethical committee. A higher degree of CA and MN was observed in exposed subjects compared to controls, the frequency of CA being significantly enhanced with long years of exposure (P<0.05). Moreover increase in CA and MN with age was noted in both exposed subjects and controls, but was significantly greater in the former. The results of this study demonstrated that a significant induction of cytogenetic damage in peripheral lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to EMFs in electric transformer and distribution stations. In conclusion, our findings suggest that EMFs possess genotoxic capability, as measured by CA and MN assays; CA analysis appeared more sensitive than other cytogenetic end-points. It can be concluded that chronic occupational exposure to EMFs may lead to an increased risk of genetic damage among electrical workers.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제2호
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• pp.147-168
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• 2004

This study examined the role of interpretation with various practices in art museums to seek a new meaning and a concept of art museum today. The exploration of interpretation would he a starting point to discuss about on art museums with professionals in each art-related field. While museums recognize the concept of interpretation and the scope of the functions in different levels, the study focused on the practices of collecting and exhibiting that will entrust the museum new realms of activities toward the audience. In particular, its emphases are set force on the information on the collections via the museum's web sites, interpretation policies, and theories and methodologies in exhibition development. Art museum websites well reflect how museums utilize the new medium to enhance the understanding of art works by providing in-depth art historical information, comprehensive contexts, and subject/concept based search methods. In recent decades, these have enacted changes to expand dimensions of interpretive functions in most museums, particularly in the United States and others. In an administrative perspective, Tate Gallery Interpretation Policy became an good example how an art museum put its interpretation philosophy as the basis of interpreting collection and public programs. Tate established functions of intrepretation and education not only within a task-based team but also as an intrer-divisional coorperation to provide an interpretation scheme of information provisions such as guide brochure, audio tour, multimedia content, and library. New environment and trends of museum exhibition, and its development processes stem from communication theories, object interpretation philosophy, display strategies, and various evaluation techniques through audiences, with the communication theories of Shannon and Weaver, Berlo's SMCR(Source-Message-Channel-Receiver) models were perceived as to understand the mechanism to communicate museum exhibits to visitors Suzan vogel's insight into object display strategy helped to conceive the mechanism of object recontextualization. She emphasized that the museum's practice to construe opinions and impressions through object display should be discreet and critical, therefore, the professionals to plan the exhibition should reveal the intention and their practices. For a prevailing new methodology from the field, the interpretive exhibition development processes are articulated as the front-end, formative, and summative evaluation, futhermore the team process in industrial product management models was adapted. These have turned out to be more interactive with visitors and effective to communicate the exhibition concepts and messages, hence resulting in enriched museum experiences. Finally the study concluded that understanding the aspects of interpretation should help art museums to set a framework for current practices to expand its public dimension. It can provide curators with a critical view to website planning and its content. And obviously, the interpretive exhibition development methodology will lead museum exhibition developers to be skilled in its current approaches to thematic exhibition concerning diverse subjects and topics.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.215-223
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• 2018

Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization is closely linked with the initiation of salivary secretion in parotid acinar cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be related to a variety of oxidative stress-induced cellular disorders and believed to be involved in salivary impairments. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) on cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation in mouse parotid acinar cells. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels were slowly elevated when $1mM\;H_2O_2$ was perfused in the presence of normal extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. In a $Ca^{2+}-free$ medium, $1mM\;H_2O_2$ still enhanced the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level. $Ca^{2+}$ entry tested using manganese quenching technique was not affected by perfusion of $1mM\;H_2O_2$. On the other hand, $10mM\;H_2O_2$ induced more rapid $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and facilitated $Ca^{2+}$ entry from extracellular fluid. $Ca^{2+}$ refill into intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ store and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($1{\mu}M$)-induced $Ca^{2+}$ release from $Ca^{2+}$ store was not affected by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in permeabilized cells. $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ (PMCA) was markedly blocked by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in thapsigargin-treated intact acinar cells. Antioxidants, either catalase or dithiothreitol, completely protected $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation through PMCA inactivation. From the above results, we suggest that excessive production of $H_2O_2$ under pathological conditions may lead to cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and that the primary mechanism of $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation is likely to inhibit $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through PMCA rather than mobilize $Ca^{2+}$ ions from extracellular medium or intracellular stores in mouse parotid acinar cells.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.511-519
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• 2011

Dietary intake of whole grains reduces the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In an earlier study, we showed that Panicum miliaceum L. extract (PME) exhibited the highest anti-lipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 cells among extracts of nine different cereal grains tested. In this study, we hypothesized that PME in the diet would lead to weight loss and augmentation of hyperlipidemia by regulating fatty acid metabolism. PME was fed to ob/ob mice at 0%, 0.5%, or 1% (w/w) for 4 weeks. After the experimental period, body weight changes, blood serum and lipid profiles, hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression, and white adipose tissue (WAT) fatty acid composition were determined. We found that the 1% PME diet, but not the 0.5%, effectively decreased body weight, liver weight, and blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (P < 0.05) compared to obese ob/ob mice on a normal diet. Hepatic lipogenic-related gene ($PPAR{\alpha}$, L-FABP, FAS, and SCD1) expression decreased, whereas lipolysis-related gene (CPT1) expression increased in animals fed the 1% PME diet (P < 0.05). Long chain fatty acid content and the ratio of C18:1/C18:0 fatty acids decreased significantly in adipose tissue of animals fed the 1% PME diet (P < 0.05). Serum inflammatory mediators also decreased significantly in animals fed the 1% PME diet compared to those of the ob/ob control group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that PME is useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 수문의 설치방향에 따른 최적의 설치방향을 규명하기 위하여, 모형 제작에 의한 수문 진동실험을 수행하고, 진동특성이 연구되어진다. 47.5m 원형게이트가 아크릴을 사용하여 1:31 축척으로 제작되고, 납으로 질량이 보완된다. 먼저 모형을 검증하기 위하여 모형의 고유진동수가 측정되고, 원형 수문의 유한요소 해석 값으로 부터 환산된 고유진동수와 비교된다. 모형은 1.6m 폭을 갖는 콘크리트 수로에서 정방향과 역방향 설치에 따른 각각의 실험이 이루어 졌다. 각 방향 실험에서는 수문 개방고와 상하류 수위에 따른 여러 조건에서 수직진동이 측정되어 졌다. 실험결과를 바탕으로 정뱡향과 역방향 설치에 대한 진동현상을 서로 비교 분석하였다. 정방향 모형은 수문이 많이 열렸을 때 하단부의 수평트러스 부재를 치는 뒤돌아 치는 와류에 의하여 진동이 크게 발생하였고, 작은 개방고에서 suction force에 의한 진동이 발생하였다. 그러나 역방향 모형에서는 이러한 현상이 발생하지 않는다. 마지막으로 95m 수문의 진동실험결과와 본 47.m의 실험결과를 같이 비교하여 평가하였다. 실험결과 여러 실험 조건에서 진동이 작게 측정되는 역방향 배치 모형이 더 합리적인 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.424-431
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• 1996

경기도 광명시 가학광산 일대의 오염추정 농경지 (면적 877.247 m2)를 대상으로 1994년 4월부터 당해 10월까지 논토양과 현미중 중금속 분석을 통해 토양오염대책 설정을 위한 정보를 제공하고자 수행한 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 본 조사 지역의 토양은 대부분 양질 또는 사양질이며 배수 불량 또는 약간 불량한 토양으로 분류된다. 토양의 이화학성은 일반 농경지 토양과 차이가 없으나 pH는 표토 6.7, 심토 7.0으로 비교적 높게 나타나고 있다. 2. 0.1 N HCl 침출법에 따른 농경지 토양시료의 중금속 함량은 우리나라 논토양 사연함유량 (표토)에 비해 카드뮴은 약 50배, 구리, 납, 아연은 각각 9배, 22배 및 30배나 높게 나왔다. 과거 자료(류와 이, 1980)와 비교할 때 납과 아연의 함량은 현저히 감소하였으나 카드뮴은 여전히 높았다. 3. 중금속오염도는 작물의 생육 혹은 수량에 영향을 줄 정도는 아니지만 카드뮴 함량은 인체 건강을 우려할 정도의 수준을 보였다. 토양중 카드뮴 함량을 기준으로 하여 현미중 카드뮴 농도가 $0.4mg\;kg^{-1}$을 초과할 가능성이 높은 지역을 추정하면 대강 면적의 45.4%인 $398.733m^2$였다. 4. 현미시료의 분석 결과 오염원에서 가까운 가학천 주변에서 현미 중 카드뮴 함량이 $1.0mg\;kg^{-1}$을 초과하는 지점이 나타났고 전체적으로 4개 지점에서 $0.4mg\;kg^{-1}$을 초과하였다.