• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2012

Chemical compositions and lead isotope ratios for four glass bead samples of Seokga-tap were analyzed and the results were organized. Among 4 glass beads found in the Seokga-tap, 3 pieces were lead glass. Manufacturing method was to firstly grind pebbles finely and mix lead ore to be melt at $740{\sim}760^{\circ}C$. The mixed ratio of silica and lead was 3:7. Moreover, The evaluation on the lead isotope ratio indicated that two lead glass pieces used lead ore from northern Korea. One piece has the direction of southern Korea lead ore, but it requires a further review. One glass bead of Seokga-tap was brown and it was potash lead glass ($K_2O-PbO-SiO_2$) System. The mixed ratio was approximately 50:10:40 for silica, natural saltpeter, and lead, respectively. Lead isotope ratio data fell within the lead ore from northern China. Therefore, it was concluded that potash lead glass found in the Seokga-tap was produced in northern area of China at the end of $10^{th}$ century and transferred to the Seokga-tap.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제36권
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• pp.241-266
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• 2003

Glass pieces excavated from Mireuksa Temple dated $7^{th}$ century A.D. were characterized by chemical composition, specific gravity and melting point. Lead isotope ratios of lead glasses were also compared with those of lead ore to attribute which lead ore was delivered for making lead glass. It was known that some lead glasses found in Japan were similar with those of Mireuksa Temple as comparing the data of chemical composition and lead isotope ratios. Characteristics of lead glass from Mireuksa Temple Thirty five glass pieces of Mireuksa Temple were analyzed for five oxides and found that all was lead glass system(PbO-$SiO_2$) with the range of 70~79% for PbO and 20~28% for $SiO_2$. The concentrations of oxides such as $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$ and CuO were below 0.4%, 0.3% and 0.9%, respectively. Principal component analysis(PCA) as a statistical method was carried out to classify glasses with the similarities of chemical concentrations. The result of PCA has shown that three groups of glasses were created according to the excavation positions and two major oxides(PbO and $SiO_2$) greatly contributed to the dispersion of glasses on principal component 1(PC1) axis and trace element oxides($Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$) for PC2 axis. Most of lead glasses were greenish by the efficacy of iron and copper oxides and some showed yellowish-green. The gravity of lead glasses was about 4.4~5.4 and estimated melting point was near $670^{\circ}C$. Lead isotope ratios of glasses were analyzed and found quite close to a lead ore from the Bupyeong mine in Gyeonggi-do. Comparison with lead glasses found in Japan Lead glasses of Mireuksa Temple were compared with those of Japan on the basis of chemical and physical data. Chemical compositions of Japanese lead glasses dated $7^{th}{\sim}8^{th}$ century A.D. were nearly similar with those of Mireuksa Temple but lead isotope ratios of those were separated into two groups. Three distribution maps of lead ores of Korea, Japan and China with lead isotope ratios were applied for lead glasses found in Japan. The result have shown that the locations of lead glasses from Fukuoka Prefecture coincided with the region of northen part of Korea and similar with those of Mireuksa Temple and lead glasses from Nara Prefecture dated $8^{th}$ century A.D. were located in the region of Japanese lead ore. This research has demonstrated that lead glasses of Mireuksa Temple conveyed to Miyajidake site, Fukuoka Prefecture around $7^{th}$ century A.D. and glass melting pots and glass beads excavated from Nara Prefecture confirmed the first use of Japanese lead ore for production of lead glasses from the end of $7^{th}$ century A.D.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2009

은평 뉴타운 유적 토광묘에서 출토된 유리구슬 60점에 대하여 성분조성, 납동위원소비를 주사전자현미경-에너지분산형분광기와 열이온화질량분석기로 분석하여 성분조성별 차이점과 납유리를 제작할 때 사용한 납의 산지를 추정코자 하였다. 성분조성을 분석한 결과 출토유리는 크게 포타쉬 유리($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$)와 포타쉬납유리($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$)계통으로 분류됨을 확인할 수 있었으며, III-3지구 1005호 토광묘에서 출토된 시료는 유리가 아니라 석영으로 판단된다. II-3지구 101호 토광묘와 III-3지구 908호 토광묘에서 출토된 무색투명한 9점의 납유리는 성분조성이 매우 일정하며 오차가 작아 동일한 원료로 동일 장소에서 함께 제작한 것으로 보인다. 주성분분석(PCA)결과에서도 출토된 유리구슬은 크게 두 개의 그룹인 포타쉬 유리($K_2O$-CaO-$SiO_2$)와 포타쉬납유리($K_2O$-PbO-$SiO_2$)로 나뉘어진다. 즉, 은평 뉴타운 유적은 주요 성분조성이 상이한 두 계통의 유리구슬로 이루어져 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 납동위원소비를 분석하여 납유리를 제작할 때 사용한 납의 산지를 추정한 결과 대부분의 납유리는 중국 북부 지역의 방연석을 사용한 것으로 나타났다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2019

The extensive archaeological remains at the Baekje Kingdom site of Wanggung-ri, Iksan, in the South Jeolla Province, Korea, include a seventh century workshop area that was later covered by the construction of a Buddhist temple. Remains of glass, gold, and bronze artefacts, and the ceramic crucibles used in the working of these materials, provide evidence for a multi-craft, high-temperature technology. We will report the results of both chemical compositional and lead isotope analyses for Wanggung-ri glass, which is among the earliest lead-silica glass type in East Asia, as well as review the evidence for primary glass production at Wanggung-ri.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2004년도 Asia Display / IMID 04
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• pp.544-547
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• 2004

Glass frits for dielectric layers are mostly used for screen printing process. Several additives have already been known to be well matched with lead-oxide glasses system. The use of lead oxide, however, creates environmental problems, so many recent studies on lead-free glasses compositions have been carried out. A study of the suitability between additives and lead-free glass system is needed. In this study, we have used a screen-printing method to make thick films of lead-oxide glass and lead-free glass using different additives, and analyzed and compared the transmittance of the thick films.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2002

Effects of chemical compositions on the sintering behavior of the lead borosilicate glass developed for barrier ribs of plasma display panels were investigated in this study. Formation of pores during sintering of the glass was noted and their formation mechanism was investigated using XPS, TG/DTA, and XRD. The results indicated that pores are formed by the oxygen released from Pb-oxides during sintering.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the coke oven emissions (COE) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon levels in coke manu-facturing industry, secondary lead smelting industry and glass bottle manufacturing industry. 1. There were no significant difference between the means of personal samples and area samples by the types of industry(p>0.05). The levels of airborne total particulates of the secondary lead smelting industry was the highest($2.30mg/m^3$), and those of the coke manu-facturing industry and glass bottle manu facturing industry were $1.95mg/m^3$ and $1.37mg/m^3$. The concentration of COE was the highest in the glass bottle manufacturing industry($0.79mg/m^3$), and in order of $0.19mg/m^3$ in the coke manufacturing industry and $0.06mg/m^3$ in the secondary lead smelting industry. COE/total particulates(%) was highest in the glass bottle manufacturing industry(58.1%) and in order of 10.3% in the coke manufacturing industry and 3.1% in secondary lead smelting industry. There were significant differences in the total particle concentration and COE by the types of industry(p<0.05). 2. The levels of airborne total particulates was the highest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting industry($2.30{\pm}0.72mg/m^3$), and the lowest at the smelting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry ($0.99{\pm}1.22mg/m^3$) Concentration of COE was the highest at the casting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry ($1.09{\pm}1.15mg/m^3$), the lowest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting industry ($0.06{\pm}0.03mg/m^3$). The COE/total particulates(%) was the highest at the casting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry($65.9{\pm}20.5%$), and the lowest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting indusry($3.1{\pm}2.7%$). 3. There were positive correlations between level of The airborne total particulates and concentration of COE in coke manufacturing industry and glass bottle manufacturing industry (p<0.05), but negative correlation in secondary lead smelting industry. 4. The numbers of case and rates that over the Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) were 24 (77.4%)cases in glass bottle manufacture, 14(23.7%) cases in the coke manufacturing industry and no one case in secondary lead smelting industry. Total numbers of case and rates that over TLVs were 38( 35.5%) cases. 5. The limit of detection(LOD) for PAH was $10{\mu}g/ml$ in standard sample. All PAH levels of the cokes manufacturing industry and the secondary lead smelting industry and the glass bottle manufacturing industry were trace or not to detect.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.473-480
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• 1997

Surface passivation using glass powders results in good reliability for high voltage silicon power devices. In this paper Zinc borosilicate glass and Lead borosilicate glass were prepared for the purpose of passivating, and a deposition technique of glass films on the silicon surface by electrophoresis in which acetone is used as a suspension medium has been investigated. Their physical properties were compared using DTA, SEM, XRD, as a function of firing temperature, I can get the fine films of 22${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness with Lead borosilicate glass under 300 volts applied, 3 minutes and $700^{\circ}C$ firing temperature. Also I can get the fine films of 17${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness with Zinc borosilicate glass under same conditions. As a result of investigation of glass films from which glass layer was removed by placing it in HCl, it has been found that pre-firing and annealing play an important role to achieve uniform and fine glass deposition films. And also it was found that relative dielectric constant is independence of frequency.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권32호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2011

오창 학소리I유적의 토광묘에서 유리구슬 시료 4점을 입수하고 각각 13종의 산화물을 분석하였다. 토광묘에서 출토된 유리구슬의 화학조성에 따른 유리 계통을 정리하였고 어떤 발색제가 기여하였는지를 확인하였으며 구슬을 제조하기 위한 원료의 대해서도 검토하였다. 토광묘에서 녹청색 유리 4점은 모두 $K_2O-CaOSiO_2$ 계통이며 동일한 농도범위이어서 같은 원료를 사용했을 것으로 판단되며, 이중 3점은 PbO 함량이 4% 이상으로서 포타쉬납유리 계통($K_2O-PbO-CaO-SiO_2$)으로 볼 수 있다. 유리의 녹청색은 Cu에 의한 것으로 생각되며 일부 철의 역할도 있었을 것이다. 납동위원소비 분포는 모두 흩어져있어 동일 지역에서 가져온 납을 사용했다고 볼 수 없다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2015

익산 미륵사지 석탑의 사리공 내에서 출토된 납유리 9점의 납동위원소비를 분석하여 납 원료의 산지를 추정하고, 이를 왕궁리 출토 납유리의 연구결과와 비교하여 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 납유리는 주화학성분 분석결과, PbO가 약 70 wt.%, $SiO_2$가 약 30 wt.% 함유된 전형적인 $PbO-SiO_2$계의 유리였다. 납동위원소비를 이용한 납유리의 원료산지 추정결과, 기존 동북아시아 납동위원소비 분포도로는 대부분이 한국북부의 방연석 광산에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 한반도 납동위원소비 분포도로는 한국남부의 방연석 광산이 납유리의 주요 원료 산지로 추정할 수 있어 두 분포도의 결과가 상이하게 나타났다. 또한 동일지역, 동시대에 조성된 것으로 알려진 왕궁리 출토 납유리의 기존 연구데이터와 비교한 결과, 납 원료의 산지가 서로 유사한 것으로 판단된다.