• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.1 s.102
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• pp.47-61
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• 2004

Although the purpose of orthodontic treatment is to increase the function and esthetics of the jaws along with increasing stability, there are many side effects during the treatment itself, such as root resorption and alveolar bone resorption. Such resorption of the apical root Is unpredictable, and may even proceed into the dentin layer. Once the process has begun, it is irreversible. By evaluating the effect of many oral habits, especially that of nail biting, in correlation with the root and the periodontal tissues, the appropriate biomechanics for orthodontic treatment can be taken into consideration, along with the possibility of root resorption and alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment, and any legal problems that might occur. Among the male and female patients of the ages $10\~15$ without skeletal deformity, 63 were chosen as the experiment group with known nail biting habits at time of examination, and within the same age group without nail biting habits as the control. After the orthodontic treatment, number of the experiment group was 31 and the control group was 22. The periapical radiographies of anterior teeth were taken and the assesment of the root length and alveolar bone level were taken before(T1) and after(T2) the orthodontic treatment. The results from this study were as follows : 1. Before the orthodontic treatment, average crown-to-root ratio of the experimental group showed noticeably high values in 4 maxillary incisors and mandibular right central incisor. 2. Before the orthodontic treatment, comparing the root length, maxillary and mandibular right central incisors and both mandibular incisors had a smaller value in the experimental group. 3. Before the orthodontic treatment, comparing and evaluating the alveolar bone loss measured from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest, some crestal bone of the experiment group showed greater loss than the control. 4. After the orthodontic treatment, there was shortening of the root length and loss of the crestal bone in both groups. 5. After the orthodontic treatment, the changes of C/R ratio and the shortening of root length were significantly high in the experimental group. 6. After the orthodontic treatment, the level of alveolar crestal bone showed greater loss in the experimental group.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1992

The gobiid fish, Luciogobius guttalus Gill has an anguilliform with some blackish and reddish brown color in life. It grows up to 90mm in total length. The specimens have been collected from several localities in the southern parts of Korea and Hokkaido, Japan. During the ebb tide, the fish was found in high level of intertidal zone exposed to the air among pebbles in the hollows and slopes of rocks. There are also some other small gobiid fishes comprising 3 species of relative gobies and 1 species of blennioid fish. A total of 5 egg masses were collected from the coast of Haeundae in April to May 1990. Each egg mass was deposited in one layer on the underside of a stone embedded in pebbles and guarded by the male parent. The eggs are club-shaped ranging from 2.71 to 2.80mm in long axis and from 0.65 to 0.74mm in short axis. The eggs were hatched in 98 hours after incubatied at the temperature varying from 19.5 to $25.5^{\circ}C$The newly hatched larvae were from 3.85 to 4.00mm in total length with 35~36 myomeres. In eleven days after hatching, total length reached 5.50mm. The part of the fin-fold of the future dorsal and anal fins became high. In sixteen days after hatching, the lavae averaged 6.20mm in total length and the caudal notochord flex at $45^{\circ}$. The larvae reached the juvenile stage in 48~50 days after hatching and attained 12.80~14.00mm in total length, and all fin-rays was formed. Ossification of the cranium took place at 5.50mm of mean total length in parasphenoid and basioccipital. Ossification of the visceral skeleton occurred in areas where active movements of bones are required, notalbly in the parts of feeding and respiration. Vertebrae began to develop from the anterior end to ossify posteriorly. Neural and haemal spines of vertebrae ossified always prior to the corresponding centra. When larvae reached to about 6.60mm in mean total length (17~18 days after hatching), jaw bones were more repidly ossified than vertebrae and cranium. Ossification of all bones nearly completed when the larvae reached to 13.40mm in mean total length (47~50 days after hatching).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1032-1046
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on ecological forest management in Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun. Vegetation data were collected from Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun, from July, 2014 to October, 2015. We carried out an analysis of vegetation types on the physiognomically dominant species of 111 quadrates. In the natural forest area, the vegetation community was classified into Quercus mongolica, Betula schmidtii, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis and Tilia amurensis. In the plantation area, the vegetation community was classified into Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula platyphylla var. japonica. Based on the analysis of the importance value of the species in the slope area, it was seen that the tree layers of the natural forest were dominated by Quercus mongolica at 44.3, and Pinus densiflora at 12.1. The importance values of the subtree layer of the natural forest were found to be 27.6 for Quercus mongolica, and 12.4 for Fraxinus sieboldiana. Also, the importance values of the tree layers in the plantation areas were found to be 22.6 for Pinus koraiensis, 15.4 for Larix kaempferi, and 13.3 for Fraxinus rhynchophylla, while those of the subtree layers of the plantation area were found to be17.9 for Quercus variabilis, 14.1 for Parthenocissus tricuspidata, and 10.4 for Quercus mongolica in that order. Vine plants showed higher importance values in the plantation area than in the natural forest area. Species diversity in the valley area was 2.334 in the natural forest area, and 1.734 in the plantation area. That of natural forest area was 1.931, and that of plantation area was 1.927 in slope area. For management of the forest vegetation in Mt. Janggunbong, a distinct forest management plan, customized for each topography and physiognomical community unit should be made Particularly, the administration is required to consider strategies to reduce the higher importance value for vine plants in the plantation areas.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was: (1) to compare nanoleakage patterns of a conventional 3-step etch and rinse adhesive system and two experimental hydrophobic adhesive systems and (2) to investigate the change of the nanoleakage patterns after load cycling. Two kinds of hydrophobic experimental adhesives, ethanol containing adhesive (EA) and methanol containing adhesive (MA), were prepared. Thirty extracted human molars were embedded in resin blocks and occlusal thirds of the crowns were removed. The polished dentin surfaces were etched with a 35 % phosphoric acid etching gel and rinsed with water. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (MP), EA and MA were used for bonding procedure. Z-250 composite resin was built-up on the adhesive-treated surfaces. Five teeth of each dentin adhesive group were subjected to mechanical load cycling. The teeth were sectioned into 2 mm thick slabs and then stained with 50 % ammoniacal silver nitrate. Ten specimens for each group were examined under scanning electron microscope in backscattering electron mode. All photographs were analyzed using image analysis software. Three regions of each specimen were used for evaluation of the silver uptake within the hybrid layer. The area of silver deposition was calculated and expressed in gray value. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and post-hoc testing of multiple comparisons was done with the Scheffe's test. Silver particles were observed in all the groups. However, silver particles were more sparsely distributed in the EA group and the MA group than in the MP group (p < .0001). There were no changes in nanoleakage patterns after load cycling.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1995

The prevention of excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer get an attention in Korea not only for minimizing $NO_3^-$ contamination of groundwater but also for establishment of environmental friendly sustainable agriculture. In order to find out the dynamics of $NO_3^-$ in barley rhizosphere and its suitability for nitrogen fertilization strategies and for environmental control, the accumulation of $NO_3^-$ in 3 layer, 0~30cm, 30~60cm, 60~90cm of soil profile has been detected in winter barley pro-duction system. It showed the recommended N fertilization rate for winter barley cause the $NO_3^-$ contamination of groundwater through $NO_3^-$ leaching during winter. The $NO_3^-$ content of 0~90cm soil depth have directly reflected the amount of basal N fertilization in the early spring, but not 0~30cm and 0~60cm soil depth. The contents of $NO_3^-$ measured to 0~30cm, 0~60cm soil depth were not significanly correlated with yield but the contents of $NO_3^-$ measured to 90cm soil depth was highly correlated with yield. Nitrogen fertilizer requirement could be estimated accurately by soil test and it provides field specific N rate recommendation for spring N application to winter barley. It was concluded that $N_{min}$ method could be applied to korean climatic and soil condition for optimal fertilizer application rate.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2004

This study was carried to identify the component of Small Intestine Meridian Muscle in human, dividing the regional muscle group into outer, middle, and inner layer. the inner part of body surface were opened widely to demonstrate muscles, nerve, blood vessels and the others, displaying the inner structure of Small Intestine Meridian Muscle. We obtained the results as follows; 1. Small Intestine Meridian Muscle is composed of the muscle, nerve and blood vessels. 2. In human anatomy, it is present the difference between a term of nerve or blood vessels which control the muscle of Meridian Muscle and those which pass near by Meridian Muscle. 3. The inner composition of meridian muscle in human arm is as follows ; 1) Muscle ; Abd. digiti minimi muscle(SI-2, 3, 4), pisometacarpal lig.(SI-4), ext. retinaculum. ext. carpi ulnaris m. tendon.(SI-5, 6), ulnar collateral lig.(SI-5), ext. digiti minimi m. tendon(SI-6), ext. carpi ulnaris(SI-7), triceps brachii(SI-9), teres major(SI-9), deltoid(SI-10), infraspinatus(SI-10, 11), trapezius(Sl-12, 13, 14, 15), supraspinatus(SI-12, 13), lesser rhomboid(SI-14), erector spinae(SI-14, 15), levator scapular(SI-15), sternocleidomastoid(SI-16, 17), splenius capitis(SI-16), semispinalis capitis(SI-16), digasuicus(SI-17), zygomaticus major(Il-18), masseter(SI-18), auriculoris anterior(SI-19) 2) Nerve ; Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve(SI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), br. of mod. antebrachial cutaneous n.(SI-6, 7), br. of post. antebrachial cutaneous n.(SI-6,7), br. of radial n.(SI-7), ulnar n.(SI-8), br. of axillary n.(SI-9), radial n.(SI-9), subscapular n. br.(SI-9), cutaneous n. br. from C7, 8(SI-10, 14), suprascapular n.(SI-10, 11, 12, 13), intercostal n. br. from T2(SI-11), lat. supraclavicular n. br.(SI-12), intercostal n. br. from C8, T1(SI-12), accessory n. br.(SI-12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17), intercostal n. br. from T1,2(SI-13), dorsal scapular n.(SI-14, 15), cutaneous n. br. from C6, C7(SI-15), transverse cervical n.(SI-16), lesser occipital n. & great auricular n. from cervical plexus(SI-16), cervical n. from C2,3(SI-16), fascial n. br.(SI-17), great auricular n. br.(SI-17), cervical n. br. from C2(SI-17), vagus n.(SI-17),hypoglossal n.(SI-17), glossopharyngeal n.(SI-17), sympathetic trunk(SI-17), zygomatic br. of fascial n.(SI-18), maxillary n. br.(SI-18), auriculotemporal n.(SI-19), temporal br. of fascial n.(SI-19) 3) Blood vessels ; Dorsal digital vein.(SI-1), dorsal br. of proper palmar digital artery(SI-1), br. of dorsal metacarpal a. & v.(SI-2, 3, 4), dorsal carpal br. of ulnar a.(SI-4, 5), post. interosseous a. br.(SI-6,7), post. ulnar recurrent a.(SI-8), circuirflex scapular a.(SI-9, 11) , post. circumflex humeral a. br.(SI-10), suprascapular a.(SI-10, 11, 12, 13), first intercostal a. br.(SI-12, 14), transverse cervical a. br.(SI-12,13,14,15), second intercostal a. br.(SI-13), dorsal scapular a. br.(SI-13, 14, 15), ext. jugular v.(SI-16, 17), occipital a. br.(SI-16), Ext. jugular v. br.(SI-17), post. auricular a.(SI-17), int. jugular v.(SI-17), int. carotid a.(SI-17), transverse fascial a. & v.(SI-18),maxillary a. br.(SI-18), superficial temporal a. & v.(SI-19).

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.201-214
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• 2006

Modern society is an age of vagueness and confusion. In addition, vagueness, complexity and variety are seen throughout art including modern philosophy, literature, and environmental design. A phenomenon like this shows that modern society has integrated different components as an organic relationship frequently crossing the boundary of fields. This feature can be regarded as hybrid related with accepting contradictory components and binding them into one under relationship between part and whole. As new design concept, presented are attitude to accept the two instead of attitude to select one of the alternatives, abundance instead of dearness, and ambiguity instead of simplicity. This principle has a crucial influence on creative design providing opposing contradiction and several alternative plans as non-deterministic form not completed one and, above all, useful information in mutual dependence and mutual relationship. When it comes to hybrid, therefore, a strategy is needed to consider layer of several fields getting out of standardizing space into a single space. As an event of this situation and concept, space experience means behaving freely based on experience of users' body. It can be known that this experience brings about users' more dynamic experience in comparison with the experience of seeing environmental design from a viewpoint of visual ism on the existing simplicity. Such a practical experience is subjective, synesthetic, and non-observational one. Therefore, hybrid has brought active users to the stage, which is distinguished from synesthesia felt through body's experience, not through observational attitude and visual space which achieve former balance and harmony with non-determination. That's because hybrid creatures are turning to a product resulted from creative imagination instead of from reappearance which makes text visualized. Such experience performed by user's active participation collapses the boundary between special elite-centered art and daily life and it is the present progressive form showing creation process of future events and new esthetic experience.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

Antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum piperitum was investigated against Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries. Although the methylene chloride extract of seeds exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than other organic solvent extracts, including methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of pericarps or seeds of Z. piperitum, essential oils prepared from both seeds and pericarps possessed more potent inhibitory activity than the methylene chloride extract of seeds. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils of seeds and pericarps were 0.3 mg/ml and 4.0 mg/ml against S. mutans, respectively. When the seed essential oil was further separated into seven fractions (CS-SD-A${\sim}$CS-SD-G) by thin layer chromatography (TLC), all fractions exhibited lower antimicrobial activity than the essential oil. To understand the antimicrobial ingredients of Z. piperitum, seeds the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data of the methylene chloride extract of seeds was compared with those of the seed essential oil (CS-SD). Whereas the methylene chloride extract of seeds contained carvacrol (0.24%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.72%), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.88%), which were previously known to inhibit growth of S. mutans, the seed essential oil contained sabinene (1.57%), linalool (1.55%), citronellal (13.67%), terpinene-4-ol (0.45%), citronellol (3.69%), geraniol (0.9%), linalyl acetate (1.35%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.35%), ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.78%), and ${\delta}$-cadinene (0.67%) in this regard. These results indicate that Z. piperitum seeds possess various inhibitory substances against S. mutans, and an effective method to isolate the active ingredients from the seeds is to prepare the essential oil. These results also suggest that the essential oil of Z. piperitium seeds may be applicable to preventing dental caries.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.6 s.77
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• pp.689-698
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• 1999

Although the purpose of orthodontic treatment is to increase the function and aesthetics of the jaws as well as to increase stability, there are side effects from the treatment itself such as root resorption and alveolar bone resorption. Such resoiption of the apical root is unpredictable and may even proceed into the dentin layer. Once the process has begun, it is irreversible. By evaluating the effects of different oral habits, especially that ef nail biting, and their correlation with the root and the periodontal tissues, the appropriate biomechanics for orthodontic treatment can be taken into consideration. The possibility of root resorption and alveolar bone loss during orthodontic treatment can also be considered. Also, any legal problems that might occur may be pondered as well. Among the male md female patients of the ages 10~15, 63 were chosen as the test group with known nail biting habits at time of examination and within the same age range those without nail biting habits as the control group. The test group was composed of 30 males and 33 females. The control group had 31 males and 32 females. The result from this study were as follows : 1. Of the 63 patients of both the test and control groups, the male-to-female-ratio was 1:1, and had no statistically significant difference in male and female root resorption. 2. In comparing crown length of the test and control groups, no significant difference existed, but in root length, maxillary and mandibular right and left central incisors and mandibular right lateral incisors had a smaller value. (p<0.001) 3. Average crown-to-root ratio of the test group on the periapical view show a noticeably high value for the maxillary and mandibular right and left central incisors and mandibular right and left lateral incisors. (p<0.01) 4. In comparing and evaluating the alveolar bone loss measured from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest, mesial surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular right and left central incisors and distal surface of maxillary right central incisor of the test group showed greater loss of crestal bone than the control. (p<0.05)

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.214-222
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• 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the experimental brush wear pattern of a light cured surface sealant, Biscover (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL), and to evaluate its cariostatic effect. Methods: Caries-free human premolars were used for the Biscover coating group (n = 90) and the control group (n = 10). The Biscover coating group was randomly assigned to nine subgroups of 10 each and the control group was assigned to two subgroups of 5 each according to the number of brushing strokes. An experimental 3-body wear test was conducted under different strokes of wear test. Tooth-brushing was accomplished with movement of each brush head set at a frequency of 100 rpm under a force of 1.5N, Surface roughness was tested before, and after Biscover coating, and after brushing. Then, each of the 10 teeth of both groups were placed in artificial caries inducing solution for 7 days. All tooth surfaces were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Results: Biscover coated surfaces showed a smoother texture than enamel surfaces. The roughness was increased after experimental brushing and after 10,800 brushing strokes, the whole layer of Biscover wore out. However, teeth in the Biscover coating group had a cariostatic effect in cariogenic conditions. Conclusions: We suggest that white lesions in orthodontic patients can be suppressed by topical applications of Biscover.