• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-252
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• 1987

Isolated rat adipocytes are well known to possess opposite pathways of lipid metabolism: lipolysis and ipogenesis. Both of the metabolism respond to various biologically active substances such as epinephrine, ACTH and insulin. Epinephrine and ACTH stimulate lipolysis and insulin accelerates lipogenesis. Recently, Korean red ginseng powder was found to contain adenosine and an acidic poptide which inhibited epinephrine-induced lipolysis and sl imulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis from added glucose. The acidic peptide is consisted mainly of glutamic acid and glucose. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Re inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes, while they did not affect insulinstimulated lipogenesis, Thus, all these substances extracted from Korean red ginseng exhibited selective modulations toward the opposite metabolic pathways in rat adipocyte; They inhibited the lipolysis but not the lipogenesis. We call these substances"selective modulators". Recently, we isolated a toxic substance named "toxohormone-L " from ascites fluid of patients with various malignant tumors. The toxohormone-L stimulated lipolysis in rat adipocytes and induced anorexia in rats. Both the lipolytic and the anorexigenic actions of toxohormone-L were found to be inhibited by ginsenoside Rb2 in Korean red ginseng. Based on these results, physiological signifi¬cances of these substances in Korean red ginseng were discussed. Pan ax ginseng is a medicinal plant long used in treatment of various pathological states including general complaints such as head ache, shoulder ache, chilly constitution and anorexia in cancer patients, There have been many pharmacological studies on Panax ginseng roots. Petkovllreported that oral administration of an aqueous alcoholic extract of ginseng roots decreased the blood sugar levtl of rabbits. Saito2lreported that Panax ginseng suppressed hyperglycemia induced by epinephrine and high carbohydrate diets. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng roots contain insulin-like substances. Previously, we demonstrated that gin¬seng roots contain an insulin-like peptide which inhibits epinephrine-induced lipolysis and stimulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis. In 1984, we suggested that such an insulin-like substance should be called a selective modulator4). Present investigation describes the details of the selective modulators in ginseng roots. During progressive weight loss in patients with various neoplastic disease, depletion of fat stores have been observed. The depletion of body fat during growth of neoplasms is associated with increase in plasma free fatty acids. Recently, we found that the ascites fluid from patients with hepatoma or ovarian tumor and the pleural fluid from patients with malignant lymphoma elicited fatty acid release in slices of rat adipose tissue in vitro. The lipolytic factor, named"toxohormone-L". was purifed from the ascites fluid of patients with hepatoma. The isolated preparation gave a single band on both disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol. Its molecular weight was determined to be 70,000-75,000 and 65,000 by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation, respectively. Injection of toxohormone-L into the lateral ventricle of rats significantly suppressed food and water intakes. There was at least 5 hr delay between its injection and appearance of its suppressive effect. In the present study, we also tried to find a inhibitory substance toward toxohormone-L from root powder of ginseng.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 2015

Endodontic management of an immature permanent tooth with dens invaginatus poses a challenge to efficient treatment planning for the clinicians. Because it is difficult to shape, disinfect, and seal the canal space effectively, teeth with complex root canal structures often require particularly extensive and thorough treatment approaches. The purpose of this case report was to share clinical insight from the results of short-term follow-ups after regenerative endodontic treatment with a dens invaginatus. Two immature maxillary lateral incisors with Oehlers type I and III dens invaginatus and infected necrotic pulp were treated using regenerative endodontic procedures. For the type III dens invaginatus case, an unusual approach toward redesigning the complex internal structure was taken, in order to have sufficient infection control and sealing. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and a surgical operating microscope were used to aid visualization and treatment. As a result, regenerative endodontic treatment appears to be effective for managing immature permanent teeth with complex dens invaginatus, and can lead not only to clinical and radiographic resolution, but also increased thickness of the dentinal walls.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2015

This study was conducted to find out optimum cultivars, and growth temperature and stage in peanut sprout for resveratrol production. Morphological characteristic, days to 50% of the final germination percentage($T_{50}$) and early growth vigor were measured in 8 different peanut varieties. In result 'Jopyeong' appeared to be the most appropriate cultivar for peanut production because of its lower contamination rate, lesser lateral root formation, and thicker hypocotyl length. Optimum temperature for growing peanut sprouts was determined 27. Content of resveratrol was examined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) to investigate appropriate growth stage of peanut sprouts for resveratrol production. Resveratrol was higher than $17.0{\mu}g/g$ in peanuts sprouts 9 days after plating. Considering peanut sprout's shapes and content of resveratrol into account, it was most appropriate to harvest in 9-day after germination.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.549-562
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• 2017

The US railroad network carries 40% of the nation's total freight. Railroad bridges are the most critical part of the network infrastructure and, therefore, must be properly maintained for the operational safety. Railroad managers inspect bridges by measuring displacements under train crossing events to assess their structural condition and prioritize bridge management and safety decisions accordingly. The displacement of a railroad bridge under train crossings is one parameter of interest to railroad bridge owners, as it quantifies a bridge's ability to perform safely and addresses its serviceability. Railroad bridges with poor track conditions will have amplified displacements under heavy loads due to impacts between the wheels and rail joints. Under these circumstances, vehicle-track-bridge interactions could cause excessive bridge displacements, and hence, unsafe train crossings. If displacements during train crossings could be measured objectively, owners could repair or replace less safe bridges first. However, data on bridge displacements is difficult to collect in the field as a fixed point of reference is required for measurement. Accelerations can be used to estimate dynamic displacements, but to date, the pseudo-static displacements cannot be measured using reference-free sensors. This study proposes a method to estimate total transverse displacements of a railroad bridge under live train loads using acceleration and tilt data at the top of the exterior pile bent of a standard timber trestle, where train derailment due to excessive lateral movement is the main concern. Researchers used real bridge transverse displacement data under train traffic from varying bridge serviceability levels. This study explores the design of a new bridge deck-pier experimental model that simulates the vibrations of railroad bridges under traffic using a shake table for the input of train crossing data collected from the field into a laboratory model of a standard timber railroad pile bent. Reference-free sensors measured both the inclination angle and accelerations of the pile cap. Various readings are used to estimate the total displacements of the bridge using data filtering. The estimated displacements are then compared to the true responses of the model measured with displacement sensors. An average peak error of 10% and a root mean square error average of 5% resulted, concluding that this method can cost-effectively measure the total displacement of railroad bridges without a fixed reference.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.228-238
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• 2020

In order to deliver fixed partial denture to a patient successfully, dentist must take into many considerations beforehand. Patient's occlusal pattern should be fully understood before delivering any type of prosthesis, whether it's canine guidance or group function occlusion. In order to do so, movement of mandible should be recorded precisely. Introduced by Meyers in 1933, functionally generated path technique (FGP) has been successfully used to record mandibular movement with various materials, such as wax, and utilize it in fabricating precise prosthesis. In the following cases, patients showed secondary caries or endodontic-periodontic lesion on maxillary molars. Root canal treatment and subgingival curettage were done for each patient. Since the long term prognosis of each tooth was questionable, lateral force should be minimized. In order to do so, FGP technique was used to record mandibular movements precisely. Instead of using conventional plaster impression, intra-oral scanning of wax tracing was done to fabricate prosthesis efficiently. After delivery of fixed partial denture, favorable outcome was obtained.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 1998

An impacted tooth is defined pathologically as a tooth that remains under the mucosa of inside bone without eruption of the crown after a specific period of eruption. Clinically, the term includes those teeth, even before eruption period, that are not expected to erupt due to shape, position and alignment of tooth and lack of space. Canine is prone to impaction more than other teeth because it has the longest time to develop and a complex route from the place of formation to the site of eruption. The impaction incidence of maxillary canine is repoted 0.92$\sim$3.3% (Ferguson, 1990). In 1995 Orton reported that the incidence was 0.92$\sim$2.2% and palatal impaction was more frequent than labial impaction(85%:15%). In 1969 Johnston presented it was more common to woman than to man(3:1). The etiology includes systemic disease such as endocrine disorder, cleidocranial dysostosis, irradiation, Crouzon syndrome, ricketts, facial hemihypertrophy and hereditary and local problems such as ectopic position of the tooth, distance of tooth from its place of eruption, malformation of the tooth, presence of supernumerary teeth, trauma of tooth germ, infection of tooth germ, displacement of tooth germ or tooth by a neoplasm, ankylosis, overretention of deciduous predecessor, lack of space for the tooth in the dental arch and mucosal barrier due to gingival fibrosis. The maxillary canine is especially important as it has the longest root, provides guidance for lateral movement of the mandible and masticatory function and assumes an important role esthetically as it is located at mouth angle. If left untreated, it may cause migration and external, internal resorption of adjacent teeth, loss of arch length, formation of dentigerous cyst or tumors, infection and referred pain as well as malposition of the tooth. Therefore, periodic examination of the development and eruption of the maxillary canine is especially important in a growing child. This case study presents the results of treatment of palatally impacted maxillary canine utilizing surgical exposure and orthodontic tooth movement on patients visiting SNUDH dept. of pediatric dentistry.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.525-530
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• 2005

Maxillary median diastema is the term used when there is spacing between maxillary central incisors. The space between maxillary central incisors are often observed during ugly duckling stage. In most of the cases, as maxillary permanent canines erupt, it gradually disappears. Maxillary median diastema needs to be treated when there is up to 2mm of space between the incisors even after eruption of permanent canines or when there is 3mm of space, at least, before the eruption of the canines. Particulary, for the latter case, orthodontic treatment is recommended because not only the esthetic point of view but also to regain the eruption space for maxillary lateral incisors and canines. The appliance used for orthodontic treatment are removable appliances, using finger spring and etc, and fixed appliances, using rubber elastics and coil spring. If rubber band alone was used to treat median diastema without any other appliance such as band, tube or bracket, it will gradually move downward along the root surface. Then it will destroy the peridontal ligament and causes tooth mobility, extrusion, and avulsion. This report presents cases of damaged tooth due to improper use of rubber band when treating maxillary median diastema.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.130-135
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• 2010

Ectopic eruption is caused by an abnormal direction of eruptive path, most common in maxillary first molar, mandibular lateral incisor, and maxillary canine, and sometimes mandibular first molar. Ectopic eruption of first molar leads to abnormal root resorption of second deciduous molar, which, if left untreated, could cause premature loss of second deciduous molar; mesial tilting and rotation of first permanent molar; lack of space for eruption of second premolar; and occlusal problems. Therefore early treatment is advised when diagnosed as ectopic eruption. Treatment of ectopic eruption in the first permanent molar involves providing proper guidance for the direction of eruption using interproximal wedging and distal tipping methods while preserving second deciduous molar. This case report shows satisfactory results of the ectopic eruption of mandibular first molars in young patients who were treated with Humphrey appliance and Halterman appliance.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.106-117
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• 2013

Normal eruption of the canine is important for the transition to the permanent dentition. Etiologies, including premature loss or delayed retention of deciduous teeth, neoplasm and abnormality of lateral incisor can cause impaction of the maxillary canine. Untreated canine impaction can result in malocclusion, cyst formation and obstacles in orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate location of the impacted maxillary canine and to identify correlation between location and management of the impaction including complications. Using panoramic radiographs and CBCT scan, images of 89 children diagnosed with impaction of the maxillary canine, location of impacted canines was evaluated. The choice of treatment and complications were investigated to identify correlation. Results show that the most commonly impacted location of the maxillary canine was in the mid-alveolar area, followed by buccal side and palatal side. Orthodontic traction was selected more frequently than the other treatments. As complications, displacement of adjacent tooth was occurred most frequently. Buccally impacted canines showed increased tendency towards displacement. The more buccally the canine was impacted, the less orthodontic traction was chosen as the treatment. The canine impacted mesially to the central incisor showed increased tendency to occur root resorption. Therefore, early diagnosis by periodic examination, appropriate treatment and intervention is required.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.206-211
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• 2006

To investigate mycorrhizal infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF), samples of fine lateral roots were taken from the wild ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) naturally growing at various locations in Korea. Mycorrhiazal infections were studied by cleaning the root samples and staining fungal hyphae with frypan blue. Wild ginsengs for this study were graded by an appraisal committee consisting of 12 experts of Korea Mountain Ginseng Association. Following five quality groups were recognized: Heaven group(pure natural), Earth group (from seeding of wild ginseng), Man group(from seeding or seedlings of wild ginseng with slight environmental modification), unmarketable, and imported wild ginseng. Morphology of AMF was typical Paris-type which shows intracellular hyphal coils with rare vesicles and lack of arbuscules. Average infection rate of individual wild ginsengs was 58.3% and showed no differences among five quality groups. When portions of fine roots were quantified for mycorrhizal infection, 18.7% of the total length of the primary and secondary roots were infected by AMF. Wild ginsengs from Gyeonggi Province(84.2%), and from mountains lower than 1,200 meters above sea level(about 70%) showed higher infection rate, while the ginseng from Gyeongbuk Province(27.8%) had lower rate. Wild ginsengs at older age showed lower infection rates.