• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2017

Background The current indications of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) have expanded to include young patients with serious cardiac risk factors, but CIED placement has the disadvantage of involving unsightly scarring and bulging of the chest wall. A collaborative team of cardiologists and plastic surgeons developed a technique for the subpectoral placement of CIEDs in young female patients via a transaxillary approach. Methods From July 2012 to December 2015, subpectoral CIED placement via an axillary incision was performed in 10 young female patients, with a mean age of 25.9 years and mean body mass index of $20.1kg/m^2$. In the supine position, with the patient's shoulder abducted, an approximately 5-cm linear incision was made along one of the deepest axillary creases. The submuscular plane was identified at the lateral border of the pectoralis major, and the dissection continued over the clavipectoral fascia until the subpectoral pocket could securely receive a pulse generator. Slight upward dissection also exposed an entrance to the subclavian vein, allowing the cardiology team to gain access to the vein. One patient with dilated cardiomyopathy underwent augmentation mammoplasty and CIED insertion simultaneously. Results One case of late-onset device infection occurred. All patients were highly satisfied with the results and reported that they would recommend the procedure to others. Conclusions With superior aesthetic outcomes compared to conventional methods, the subpectoral placement of CIEDs via a transaxillary approach is an effective, single-incision method to hide operative scarring and minimize bulging of the device, and is particularly beneficial for young female or lean patients.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

Purpose: Microvascular reconstructive surgery has become an integral part of the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. This review of 121 free flaps for head and neck cancer patients performed over the last 11 years was done to evaluate circulatory crisis, salvage, and secondary reconstruction and to investigate which factors may contribute to these rates. Method: Nine emergent explorations among 121 head and neck reconstruction with free flaps were reviewed to analyze detection of vascular crisis, the time interval from detection of circulatory crisis to exploration, operation procedures and results, and secondary reconstructions. Emergent exploration was done with our protocol. Result: Nine free flaps exhibited signs of vascular problems between 1 day and 6 days postoperatively. The emergent exploration rate of this series was 7.4% (9/121). The salvage rate was 55.6% (5/9), giving an overall flap viability of 96.7% (117/121). In our study, preoperative radiation therapy, positive smoking history, alcohol consumption history, combined disease such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, recipient vessels and types of vascular anastomosis were not related to the causes of circulatory crisis. The mean time interval between the onset of clinical recognition of impaired flap perfusion and re-exploration of the salvaged 5 flaps was 3.2 hours, that of failed 4 flaps was 11.25 hours. Conclusion: Despite high overall success rate, relatively low salvage rate may be attributed to late detection of circulatory crisis and in long time interval between detection and exploration. We conclude that early detection of circulatory crisis and expeditious re-exploration are a matter of great importance for the success of salvage operation.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.431-438
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• 2016

This research investigated the relationship between the corrosion damage characteristics of offshore wind steel substructure and the time of current density application by electrochemical accelerated short-term corrosion test. The galvanostatic corrosion was conducted on the steel specimens in natural seawater with a constant current density ranging from $1mA/cm^2$ to $200mA/cm^2$ for 1 ~ 180 min. Macro and micro observation was carried out on the surface of the corrosion damaged area using SEM and 3-dimensional analysis microscope. The weight loss of the specimens before and after was calculated as the difference between the initial weight prior to corrosion and weight after removal of the corrosion product. It was shown that during galvanostaic corrosion process, the corrosion behavior could be characterized by the onset of pitting corrosion in the early stage and the uniform corrosion in the late stage, showing damage development in the depth direction with the time of current application. The result of the 3D analysis revealed that both damage depth and surface roughness increased with increasing time of current application. The weight loss curves with time showed that a coefficient of determination ($R^2$) was relatively high for the relationship between the time of current application and weight loss. As a result, the degree of corrosion can be controlled by simply varying the time of current application.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.276-285
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• 2003

In the undercooled melt of $Pd_{40}Cu_{30}Ni_{10}P_{20}$ alloy, the solidification behavior including nucleation and growth of crystals at the micrometer level has been observed in-situ by use of a confocal scanning laser microscope combined with an infrared image furnace. The $Pd_{40}Cu_{30}Ni_{10}P_{20}$ alloy specimens were cooled from the liquid state to glass transition temperature. 575 K, at various cooling late under a helium gas flow. According to the cooling rate, the morphologies of the solidification front are changed among various types, irregular jog like front, columnar dendritic front, cellular grain, star like shape jog and fine grain, etc. The velocities of the solid-liquid interface are measured to be $10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-8}$ m/s which are at least two orders higher than the theoretical crystal growth rates. Combining the morphologies observed in terms of cooling rates and their solidification behaviors, we conclude that phase separation takes place in the undercooled molten $Pd_{40}Cu_{30}Ni_{10}P_{20}$ alloy. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram was constructed from solidification onset time at various linear cooling conditions with different rate. The CCT diagram suggests that the critical cooling rate for glassy solidification is about 1.5 K/s, which is in agreement with the previous calorimetric findings.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 2010

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a life-threatening iatrogenic complication of ovulation induction. Before ovarian stimulation, identification of patients vulnerable to developing OHSS is necessary. And ovarian stimulation should be started with low doses of gonadotropin or GnRH antagonist protocol. During monitoring of ovarian stimulation with risk of OHSS, coasting, low doses hCG and GnRH agonist for triggering ovulation are considered. If severe OHSS is predicted, cycle cancellation and cryopreservation of all embryos should be considered to reduce late-onset OHSS and morbidity. And metformin and dopamine agonist for reducing OHSS are being proposed as a prophylactic treatment for OHSS.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2005

Hornblende $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ age of $113.4{\pm}2.4(2{\sigma})$ Ma was determined from the volcanic pebble of the Silla Conglomerate which belongs to the Hayang Group of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup. This age corresponds to the top of Aptian. Based on the reported age information, onset and duration of deposition of the constituting formations of the Hayang Group are constrained as follows; deposition of the Jindong Formation started from ca. 96~97 Ma and lasted for about 15 Ma. Therefore, Jindong Formation was deposited since Cenomanian to Santonian and it is likely to be extended to the early Campanian. We propose 81~80 Ma, which is in early Campanian, as the boundary between Hayang and Yucheon Groups. We suggest that the Silla Conglomerate was deposited during the early Albian and the Haman Formation was deposited during the rest of the Albian and also during the Cenomanian. The Chilgok Formation seems to be deposited during the late Aptian.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.291-304
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• 2007

Mutants of an obligate aerobic bacterium, Vitreoscilla, that have deficiency in heat-labile catalase-peroxidase hydroperoxidase I (HPI) were created by EMS treatment. The catalase-peroxidase HPI-deficient mutant showed substantially lower peroxidase activity in exponential and mid-stationary phase compared with the wild type strain. In late stationary phase, the mutant exhibited no peroxidase activity. Peroxidase deficiency in the mutant was revealed by polyacrylamide gels stained for peroxidase activity. Characteristically, catalase levels in the mutant increased about 14- and 8-fold during growth in the exponential and stationary phases, respectively, compared to those in the wild type, suggesting a compensatory effect for protection from $H_2O_2$ toxicity. The mutant showed differences in physiology from the wild type: retardation in growth rate and decrease in oxygen consumption. Both the wild type and the catalase-peroxidase HPI-deficient mutant of Vitreoscilla had lower growth rates in media containing increasing $H_2O_2$ concentrations. However, the mutant exhibited an additionally decreased growth rate after 6 to 8 h of growth compared to the wild type. The wild type was resistent up to 20 mM $H_2O_2$, whereas the mutant was very sensitive to high concentrations of exogenous $H_2O_2$. Although elevated catalase levels would provide protection of the bacteria from the deleterious effect of $H_2O_2$, it did not appear to be complete. Cell-free extracts of the mutant showed decreased NADH oxidation rates and higher accumulation of $H_2O_2$ during this oxidation. These results may account for the impaired growth and earlier onset of death phase by the catalase-peroxidase HPI-deficient mutant of Vitreoscilla.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.473-484
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• 1997

This study was performed to survey the specific information about the time of onset, frequency, duration, and severity of the side effect of radiation therapy following breast cancer surgery, and identify the difference of these data according to the type of breast cancer surgery : modified radical mastectomy(MRM) vs. breast consevative operation(BCO). 38 breast cancer patients were interviewed with side effect profile about radiation therapy. Interview was done weekley from the start of radiation therapy through 6 weeks and 3 month follow-up interview was done at 3 month after completion of the treatment. The results are as follow : 1. Total score of side effect experienced by the breast cancer patients was rapidly increased at 2-3 week after intiating treatement and continousely raised maintaing high score until completion of the treatement. Some problems like cough, dyspnea and pain were more experienced after treatment. 2. Patients with modified radical mastectomy showed more total score of side effects than patients with breast conservative operation. And both patients with MRM and BCO experienced similar pattern of side effect to radiation therapy. Through these data we concluded that side effect to radiation therapy was not ended at completion of treatement. Patents will continously experiend various problems and suffer from not only acute side effects like skin problem, sore throat and swollowing difficulty but also late effect of the radiation therapy. Clinically these data can be used for oncologic nurse to provide informational interventions to prepare breast cancer patients for the radiation therapy.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.39
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• pp.19.1-19.6
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• 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to assess correlation between pain and degenerative bony changes on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Methods: Two hundred eighty-three temporomandibular joints with degenerative bony changes were evaluated. Pain intensity (numeric rating scale, NRS) and pain duration in patients with degenerative joint disease (DJD) were also analyzed. We classified condylar bony changes on CBCT into five types: osteophyte (Osp), erosion (Ero), flattening (Fla), subchondral sclerosis (Scl), and pseudocyst (Pse). Results: Degenerative bony changes were the most frequent in the age groups of 10~19, 20-29, and 50~59 years. The most frequent pain intensity was "none" (NRS 0, 34.6%) followed by "annoying" (NRS 3-5, 29.7%). The most frequent condylar bony change was Fla (219 joints, 77.4%) followed by Ero (169 joints, 59.7%). "Ero + Fla" was the most common combination of the bony changes (12.7%). The frequency of erosion was directly proportional to NRS, but the frequency of osteophyte was inversely proportional. The prevalence of Ero increased from onset until 2 years and gradually decreased thereafter. The prevalence of Osp, Ero, and Pse increased with age. Conclusions: Osp and Ero can be pain-related variables in degenerative joint disease (DJD) patients. "Six months to 2 years" may be a meaningful time point from the active, unstable phase to the stabilized late phase of DJD.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

The tubby mouse is characterized by progressive retinal and cochlear degeneration and late-onset obesity. These phenotypes are caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the tub gene and are shared with several human syndromes, suggesting the importance of tubby protein in central nervous system (CNS) functioning. Although evidence suggests that tubby may act as a transcription factor mediating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, any downstream gene regulated by tubby has yet to be identified. To explore potential target genes of tubby with region-specific transcription patterns in the brain, we performed a microarray analysis using the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of tubby mice. We also validated the changes of gene expression level observed with the microarray analysis using real-time RT-PCR. We found that expression of erythroid differentiation factor 1 (Erdrl) and caspase 1 (Casp1) increased, while p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) and cholecystokinin 2 receptor (Cck2r) expression decreased in the cerebral cortex of tubby mice. In the hypothalamic region, Casp 1 was up-regulated and $\mu$-crystallin (CRYM) was down-regulated. Based on the reported functions of the differentially expressed genes, these individual or grouped genes may account for the phenotype of tubby mice. We discussed how altered expression of genes in tubby mice might be understood as the underlying mechanism behind tubby phenotypes.