• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.232-235
• /
• 2011

Clostridium (C) difficile has been recognized as an important emerging pathogen in both humans and animals. The prevalence of C. difficile in rectal feces and frozen colons of 132 pigs with diarrhea from the Jeju Island was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect C. difficile toxin A and B genes. PCR findings revealed toxin A and B in 5 pigs (3.8%), including 2 suckling pigs, 2 weaned pigs and 1 growing pig. The result of PCR was closely matched histopathologic lesions of C. difficile in large intestines of pigs. Histopathologically, the cecum and colons of C. difficile toxin-positive pigs had severe submucosal and mesocolonic edema. Mucosal lesions ranged from random single cell necrosis and exfoliation to segmental, transmural necrosis of the cecum and colon. According to bacteriology, 4 C. difficile-positive pigs (80%) were co-infected with Salmonella typhimurium.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.88-92
• /
• 2010

An 11-year-old, spayed female, weighing 10 kg miniature Schnauzer was admitted for abdominal distension, anorexia, pollakiuria, and constipation. A large, homogeneous fat opacity mass was identified in the retroperitoneum and pelvic cavity on the abdominal survey radiography. The mass displaced the descending colon peripherally and ventrally, and the urinary bladder ventrally. On the abdominal ultrasonographic examination, the mass was uniformly hyperechoic with a coarse internal echo texture and had outer hyperechoic capsule, and it showed homogeneously same attenuation (-180 ~ -110 HU) as adjacent fat on the computed tomography. There was no evidence of invasion into the surrounding structures or organs. Cytological findings from fine needle aspirates were numerous sheets and clusters of adipocytes. The dog showed complete resolution of clinical signs after surgical resection of the mass. The mass was confirmed as simple lipoma through histopathological examination.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.123-132
• /
• 2001

The regional distributions and relative frequencies of some gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the 8 portions (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of the gastrointestinal tract of ICR mouse (ICR) with immunohistochemical method using 7 types of specific antisera against somatostatin, serotonin, glucagon, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastrin. In this study, somatostatin-, serotonin-, glucagon-, CCK-8-, secretin- and gastrin-immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of these IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open-typed cell) while cells showing round in shape (close-typed cell) were found in the stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin-IR cells were demonstrated throughout whole gastrointestinal tract except for large intestine. Serotonin-IR cells were detected throughout whole gastrointestinal tract and they were most predominant endocrine cell types in this species of mouse. Glucagon-IR cells were restricted to the fundus and rectum with moderate and a few frequencies, respectively. CCK-8-IR cells were observed in the pylorus, duodenum and ileum with numerous, moderate and rare frequencies, respectively. Secretin-IR cells were restricted to the duodenum and ileum with a few and rare frequencies, respectively. Gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus with numerous frequency. However, no PP-IR cells were found in this study. In conclusion, some peculiar distributional patterns of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were found in the ICR mouse compared to those of other mammals.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.11
• /
• pp.1571-1586
• /
• 2012

On earth, there are about 5,400 kinds of mammals, of which about 1,000 kinds are herbivores. Among herbivores, about 250 kinds are known to be ruminants. As for cattle and sheep, which are ruminants, fermentation takes places mainly in their rumen; in contrast, for pigs and men, which are non-ruminants, fermentation takes place mainly in their caecum, colon, and rectum. As for the kind and dominance of rumen microorganisms, Bacteroidetes account for 51% and Firmicutes for 43%. As for the dominance of the large intestine microorganisms in men, Firmicutes account for 65% and Bacteroidetes for 25%. Cell wall components are decomposed by microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are generated through fermentation; the ratio of acetate, propionate, and butyrate generate is 60:25:15. Butyrate absorbed through the primary butyrate transporter MCT1 (mono carboxylate transports-1) in the intestines activates such SCFA receptors as GPR43 and GPR41. Butyrate has a strong anti-tumorigenic function. Butyrate is characterized by the fact that it has an effect on many cancer cells, contributes to the coordination of functions in the cells, and induces cancer apoptosis. Butyrate activates caspase but inhibits the activity of HDAC (histone deacetylase), so as to induce apoptosis. In addition, it increases p53 expression, so as to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Anti-inflammation actions of SCFA include the reduction of IL-8 expression in intestinal epithelial cells, the inhibition of NO synthesis, and the restraint of the activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$), so as to suppress the occurrence of cancers caused by inflammation. Butyrate plays an important role in maintaining physiological functions of intestinal mucous membranes and is used as a cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.639-643
• /
• 2010

Sudden deaths have occurred in feedlot cattle with marked necro-hemorrhagic enteritis of the jejunum, ileum and colon. Suckling beef calves are the most frequently affected. Over-consumption of large amounts of milk, inadequate colostrum intake, chilling and stress are conducive to the development of enterotoxemia. Enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D mostly occurs following a sudden change of diet, particularly to feeds made richer in order to grow the cattle to market weight in feedlots. During July 2006, sudden deaths of cattle occurred in the Youngcheon regional area of Gyeongbuk province. There were no significant clinical signs except anorexia, depression, intermittent diarrhea and mild respiratory failure. Histological findings revealed a prominent intranuclear inclusion as well as infiltration of the globular leukocytes in various organs including the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Spleen and lymphatic tissues showed lymphatic necrosis and a starry sky appearance. In the submucosa of the small intestines, basophilic aggregation was detected with massive infiltration of the globular leukocytes and eosinophils. Gram staining for the tissue sections containing inclusions of the small intestines revealed a positive histochemical reaction. Taken together, we suggest that Clostridium perfringens type D-induced enterotoxemia is determined to be the cause of sudden death of feedlot cattle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.81 no.4
• /
• pp.1013-1018
• /
• 2020

Ascariasis is an intestinal disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. Most patients with ascariasis are asymptomatic; however, the presence of many larvae in the bowel can cause gastrointestinal complications, such as intestinal obstruction, obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, cholecystitis, and pancreatitis. Herein, we report a case of ascariasis presenting as hematoma and active bleeding in the sigmoid mesocolon of a 74-year-old man on computed tomography (CT). Sigmoid colon perforation was also detected on follow-up CT. Laparoscopic low anterior resection was performed; there was a large hematoma in the sigmoid mesocolon. Roundworms were microscopically identified in the mesenteric adipose tissue. The clinical and CT findings of this unusual presentation of ascariasis revealed serial complications during parasite migration from the intestinal lumen to the peritoneal cavity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.214-227
• /
• 2013

Computed tomographic scan as a screening procedures in asymptomatic individuals has seen a steady increase with the introduction of multiple-raw detector CT scanners. This report provides a brief review of the current controversy surrounding CT cancer screening, with a focus on the radiation induced cancer risks and clinical efficacy. 1. A large study of patients at high risk of lung cancer(the National Lung Screening Trial[NLST]) showed that CT screening reduced cancer deaths by 20%(1.33% in those screened compared with 1.67% in those not screened). The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% and 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group were false-positive. Radiation induced lung cancer risk was estimated the most important in screening population because ERR of radiation induced lung cancer does not show the decrease with increasing age and synergistic connection between smoking and radiation risk. Therefore, the radiation risk may be on the same order of magnitude as the benefit observed in the NLST. Optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation. 2. Computed tomographic colonography is as good as colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer and is almost as good as colonoscopy for detecting advanced adenomas, but significantly less sensitive and specific for smaller lesions and disadvantageous for subsequent therapeutic optical colonoscopy if polyps are detected. The average effective dose from CT colonography was estimated 8-10 $mS{\nu}$, which could be a significant dose if administered routinely within the population over many years. CT colonography should a) achieve at least 90% sensitivity and specificity in the size category from 6 and 10 mm, b) offer non-cathartic bowl preparation and c) be optimized and standardized CT parameters if it is to be used for mass screening. 3. There is little evidence that demonstrates, for whole-body scanning, the benefit outweighs the detriment. This test found large portion of patient(86~90.8%) had at least one abnormal finding, whereas only 2% were estimated to have clinically significant disease. Annual scans from ages 45 to 75 years would accrue an estimated lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.9%. There is no group within the medical community that recommends whole-body CT. No good studies indicate the accuracy of screening CT, at this time. The benefit/risk balance for any of the commonly suggested CT screening techniques has yet to be established. These areas need further research. Therefore wild screening should be avoided.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 1968

Tissue homogenates of 12 kinds of human cancer tissues were incubated separately in medium containing $C^{14}-1-glucose$ and $C^{14}-6-glucose$ as a substrate in order to observe the oxidative pathway of glucose in the tumor tissues. At the end of 3 hours incubation in the Dubnuff metabolic shaking incubator, respiratory $CO_2$ samples trapped by alkaling which was placed in the center well of incubation flask were analysed for total $CO_2$ production rates and their radioactivities. The tissue homogenate samples after incubation were analyzed for their concentrations of glucose, lactate and pyruvate. Calculations were made on the glucose consumption rate and accumulation rates of lactate and pyruvate. Fractionation of oxidative pathway of glucose was carried out by calculating $C^{14}O_2 yields from C-1 and C-6 carbon of glucose. The following results were obtained. 1. In 12 kinds of human cancer, total $CO_2$ production rates were less than $8{\mu}M/gm$ except 2 cases. These lower values impressed that oxidative metabolism in the tumor tissues generally inhibited as compared with that in normal tissues. On the other hand, fractions of $CO_2$ derived from glucose to total $CO_2$ production rates (RSA) were less than 10% in every case. These facts showed that oxidation of glucose into $CO_2$ was remarkably inhibited in the tumor tissues. 2. Factions of glucose disappeared into $CO_2\;(RGD_{CO_2})$, lactate $(RGD_L)$, pyruvate $(RGD_P)$ to glucose consumption rates were as follows. $RGD_{CO_2}$ were less than 2% in cases of in this experiment and $RGD_L$ showed more than 5% except in 2 cases. These facts showed that anaerobic degradation of glucose into 3 carbon compounds was easily proceeded but further degradation into $CO_2$ via the TCA cycle was greatly inhibited resulting in accumulation of lactate. There are large variation in values of $RGD_P$ in different kinds of tumor tissue but relatively higher values in $RGD_{CO_2}$ were obtained in the tumor tissues as compared with those of normal tissues. 3. The oxidative pathway of glucose in tumor tissues were analyzed from the values of RSA which were obtained in $C^{14}-1\;and\;C^{14}-6-glucose$ incubation experiments. It was found that 3% of $CO_2$ derived from glucose were oxidized via the principal EMP-TCA cycle and the remainder were via alternate pathway such as HMP in the liver cancer and values in other cancer tissues were as follows; 4% in the tongue cancer, 6% in the colon cancer, 6% in the lung cancer, 9% in the stomach cancer, 11% in the ovarian cancer, 12% in the neck tumor, 22% in the uterine cancer, 22% in the bladder tumor, 32% in the spindle cell sarcoma and 65% in the brain tumor. These values except later 2 cases showed less than 30% which is the lowest value among the normal tissues. Even in the brain tumor in which showed highest value in the tumor group. It is reasonable to suppose that this fraction was remarkably decreased because values in normal brain tissue was more than 90%. From the above data, it was concluded that in tumor tissues, oxidation of glucose via TCA cycle was greatly inhibited but correlation between degree of inhibited oxidation of glucose via TCA cycle and malignancy of tumor were not clarified in this experiments.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.74-86
• /
• 2000

Objectives : This is the experimental paper to study the curative and preventive effects of Dansambohyultang, Methods : Oriental herb medicine for gastro-intestinal disease caused by stress, on the rats put under the stress through starvation, heating and immoblization, the author used four different group; the normal group, which was not put under stress and well fed, and the control group, to which the drug was not administered and put under the stress through starvation, heating and immoblization, the Sample I, to which the drug was administered before they were put under stress, the Sample lI, to which the drug was administered after they were put under stress. Results : When a Masson's trichrome stain method was applied to the control group, a small size of ulcer was found in the fundus and the pylorus, and atrophy was observed in the neck region of mucous membrane. When the drug was administered to the Sample I and the Sample II, the former recovered from the ulcer and atrophy to almost normal and showed better results than the latter. When a Masson's trichrome stain method was applied to the control group, atrophy of mucous membrane was found all over the intestines. When the drug was administered to the Sample I and the Sample ll, the curative and recovered effects was seen in both, but the former showed better results than the latter. After application of Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, the observation of numerical changes of goblet cells in the small intestines showed the most significant decrease in the control group. In the Sample I, the number of the cells in the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum returned to an almost normal level. In the Sample II, a slight increase was observed only in the ileum. After application of Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, the observation of numerical changes of goblet cell in the large intestines showed a significant decreased in the control group. Both the Sample I and the Sample II showed an increase in the number of goblet cells in comparison with the control group. When a serotonin-immunoreaction test was applied, the control group showed a general decrease in the number of gastro-entero-endocrine cells, The Sample I showed the effect in all over gastro.intestinal tract as compared with control group and the Sample II showed the effect in all over gastro-intestinal tract except the duodenum and the former showed better results than the latter. Conclusion : According to the above results, the regions which are most sensitive to stress were observed to the ileum and the colon. It was concluded that Dansambohyultang has a remedical value particularly on the abnormalities caused by stress in all over gastro-intestinal tract and it was found to be more effective in the Sample I than in the Sample ll. Judging from the fact that the Sample I showed better results than the Sample ll, Dansambohyultang can be said to have a preventive effect more than a curative effect on gastro-intestinal tract disease.