• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.503-511
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy of a sample (A.C.C. extracts) obtained by distillation extraction of 14 herbal medicines including Phellodendron bark. To confirm this, the amount of nitric oxide (NO) produced by the cells in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the changes in the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were determined. The results showed that A.C.C. extracts strongly inhibited the production of NO and inflammatory cytokines increased by LPS without cytotoxicity. In addition, A.C.C. extracts showed strong bacterial reduction rates of 99.9% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. These findings indicate that A.C.C. extracts are effective ingredients with a strong antimicrobial effect together with an anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, when A.C.C. extracts were applied to infants and toddlers who were suffering from diaper rash, itching, and perspiration symptoms, symptoms of rash, atopy, rash, itching, and heat rash were improved. After the lapse of time, it was visually confirmed that it was considerably relaxed. These findings confirm that A.C.C. extracts comprise a clinically effective anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agent that alleviates symptoms such as diaper rash and fever and may therefore be an effective alternative to inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.313-321
• /
• 2005

To know the pollution level concerning the microbes contamination condition in soft contact lenses, 2 experiments were operated with different methods. Firs experiment, we observed lenses surfaces through a scanning electronic microscope after pollution sort contact lenses with the suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Entrobacter aerogenes which can be major bacteria causing keratitis as wearing on soft contact lenses. As 1 hour after pollution with the soft contact lenses, we observed that many bacteria adhered to the lenses, and the pollution condition got worse with passing time increase(2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively). At 12 hours lapse of polluting soft contact lenses with P. aeruginosa, some bacteria adhered to the lenses. And as 24 hours lapsed after pollution soft lenses with E. aerogenes, bacteria adhered to them, and atypical substance was observed some of the surface of lenses. Second experiment, we observed the microbe pollution condition in soft contact lenses by let 21 people in twenties(men & women), who doesn't eye disorders, wear soft contact lenses during 4 hours. As the result, many kinds of bacterium and fungus were observed, and especially, the bacteria could be identified with their colors and the shapes of colony, so we found that single type, two types, and three types of bacteria adhered to their lenses.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.105-114
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to reconsider whether Temple in William Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun has grown morally. Temple in Sanctuary, the previous work was raped with a corn cob by Popeye and perjured in the court, resulting in Lee Goodwin's brutal death. Now she is now a mother of two children and a wife of Gowan Stevens, but she cannot get out of the past and tries to run away with Pete, Red's brother, but she was resisted by Nancy Mannigoe, a nanny. Nancy tries to stop Temple sacrificing herself and Temple's baby. When confronting Nancy who accepted her death sentence without hesitation, Temple realized her past guilt which never fades out. A lapse of 20 years between Sanctuary and Requiem provides Temple and author himself opportunities for spiritual and moral growth in spite of painful realization that the past is never past. On the other hand, Faulkner tells the history and the past of Jefferson elaborating the description of the courthouse and the jail. Both are correlated in thematic perspective, the former representing humanity's need for security, the latter the opposite impulse toward aggression and destruction. but together represent the presentness of the past and the fluidity of time.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.129-157
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop a group counseling program for adolescents with traumatic experiences and to verify the effect of the program. For this purpose, the posttraumatic growth program was developed in accordance with the group counseling program that based on the needs of field experts and the needs of the subjects. This program consisted of 10 sessions. To verify the effectiveness of the developed program, 20 characterization high school students were divided into experimental group and control group, and a total of 10 sessions were performed twice a week. After the program was conducted on the experimental group, quantitative analysis was conducted for comparison according to the lapse of time: before, after, and follow-up. independent sample t-analysis was used to examine homogeneity between two groups beforehand. Mixed ANOVA was also used to verify a hypothesis. In conclusion, the posttraumatic growth program has significant effects on posttraumatic growth and intentional rumination level with experienced adolescents. Findings and implications of this study were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.531-538
• /
• 2003

To elucidate the physicochemical change of Panicm miliaceum powders caused by irradiation and identify detection of irradiation, viscosity, TBA value, Hunter color and total viable count were measured after irradiation of Panicum miliaceum powder. Panicum miliaceum powders from Korea and China were irradiated at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 kGy using a $Co^{60}$ irradiator and stored for 9 months at $0^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. All samples resulted in decrease for viscosity and specific parameter values by increasing dosage at 50 rpm after irradiation. These values showed dose-dependent relationship (above $r^2$＝0.92) between non-irradiated and irradiated samples during storage. These results suggest that the detection of irradiated Panicum miliaceum at various doses is possible by using viscometric method during storage. Total viable count, TBA value and Hunter color were determined as assistant indices for the samples viscosity measured. Total viable count, TBA values showed dose-dependent relationship (2.5 ~15 kGy). The difference in viscosity along with total viable count, TBA values between non-irradiated samples little or some changed with the lapse of post-irradiation time, but was still distinguishable each other more than 6 months at $0^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ for Panicum miliaceum powders from Korea and China.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 2003

Physicochemical changes in corn starch caused by irradiation were investigated, and irradiated samples were identified. Viscosity, TBA value, Hunter color, and total viable count were measured after irradiation of corn starch. Corn starches from Korea and China were irradiated at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 kGy using a $Co^{60}$ irradiator and stored for 9 months at $0^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Viscosity and specific parameter values decreased in all samples with increasing irradiation dosage at 50 rpm, showing a dose-dependent relationship $(above\;R^2=0.80)$ between non-irradiated and irradiated samples during storage. These results suggest that detection of irradiated corn starches is possible using viscometric method during storage. Total viable count, TBA value, and Hunter color were determined as supplemental indices for measuring viscosities of samples. Total viable count and TBA values showed dose-dependent relationship $(2.5{\sim}15 kGy)$. Differences in viscosity and total viable count, and TBA values among non-irradiated samples showed little changes with the lapse of post-irradiation time, but were still distinguishable for more than 6 months at $0^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ for corn starches from korea and China.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.376-385
• /
• 2018

To estimate the hourly temperature distribution due to solar radiation during the day, on slope in complex terrain, an empirical formula was developed including the hourly deviation in the observed temperature following solar radiation deviation, at weather stations on the east-facing and west-facing slopes. The solar radiation effect was simulated using the empirical formula to estimate hourly temperature at 11 weather observation sites in mountainous agricultural areas, and the result was verified for the period from January 2015 to December 2017. When the estimated temperature was compared with the control, only considering temperature lapse rate, it was found that the tendency to underestimate the temperature from 9 am to 3 pm was reduced with the use of an empirical formula in the form of linear expression; consequently, the estimation error was reduced as well. However, for the time from 5 pm to 6 pm, the estimation error was smaller when a hyperbolic equation drawn from the deviation in solar radiation on the slope, which was calculated based on geometric conditions, was used instead of observed values. The reliability of estimating the daytime temperature at 3 pm was compared with existing estimation model proposed in other studies; the estimation error could be mitigated up to an ME (mean error) of $-0.28^{\circ}C$ and RMSE (root mean square error) of $1.29^{\circ}C$ compared to the estimation error in previous models (ME $-1.20^{\circ}C$, RMSE $2.01^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.95-102
• /
• 2002

Spatial interpolation has become a common procedure in converting temperature forecasts and observations at irregular points for use in regional scale ecosystem modeling and the model based decision support systems for resource management. Neglection of terrain effects in most spatial interpolations for short term temperatures may cause erroneous results in mountainous regions, where the observation network hardly covers full features of the complicated terrain. A spatial interpolation model for daytime hourly temperature was formulated based on error analysis of unsampled site with respect to the site topography. The model has a solar irradiance correction scheme in addition to the common backbone of the lapse rate - corrected inverse distance weighting. The solar irradiance scheme calculates the direct, diffuse and reflected components of shortwave radiation over any surfaces based on the sun-slope geometry and compares the sum with that over a reference surface. The deviation from the reference radiation is used to calculate the temperature correction term by an empirical conversion formula between the solar energy and the air temperature on any sloped surfaces at an hourly time scale, which can be prepared seasonally for each land cover type. When this model was applied to a 14 km by 22 km mountainous region at a 10 m horizontal resolution, the estimated hourly temperature surfaces showed a better agreement with the observed distribution than those by a conventional method.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 1996

Background : Several studies have suggested that impaired mucociliary clearance plays a role in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. Cough productive of mucoid sputum is common, and mucous plugs in the airways are frequently observed. These clinical features are in keeping with the histologic lesions of asthma, which involve primarily the epithelial and mucous-producing structures of the conducting airways. Some studies have shown that the mucociliary clearance is impaired in adult asthma, but it has not been studied in childhood asthma. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the mucociliary clearance is impaired in childhood asthma and to estimate the degree of impairment in comparison with that of immotile cilia syndrome. Method : Thirteen children with mild stable asthma and eight patients with immotile cilia syndrome completed this study. Ten healthy children were recruited as a normal control group. The whole-lung mucociliary clearance was measured by the radioaerosol technique. Aerosols, tin colloid particles tagged with the radionuclide technetium-99m($^{99m}Tc$), were generated by means of nebulizer, and inhaled via a mouthpiece. The retention of radioactivity was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes by gamma camera, and mucociliary clearance was calculated as percent retention at each time. Results: 1) In each subject, the percent retention decreased variably with the lapse of time. 2) The percent retention of radionuclide decreased at each time in order of normal control, bronchial asthma and immotile cilia syndrome and the percent retention of immotile cilia syndrome was significantly higher than that of normal control at each time(p<0.05). 3) At two hours, the percent retention of bronchial asthma($65.0{\pm}1.8$(SE)%) was significantly higher than that of the normal control($54.4{\pm}3.5%$, p<0.05), and significantly lower than that of immotile cilia syndrome($73.3{\pm}1.4%$, p<0.01). 4) When the percent retention was analyzed according to $PC_{20}$ in the children with bronchial asthma, they had no relationship with each other. Conclusion: Mucociliary clearance in the children with bronchial asthma was significantly lower than normal control. This finding indicates that impaired mucociliary clearance operates in childhood asthma as well, and suggests that it may be one contributing factor in the pathogenesis of asthma. The degree of impairment, however, was not so severe as immotile cilia syndrome.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.309-317
• /
• 2016

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial culture supplements on ruminal fermentation and fermentative quality of Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) both in vitro and in situ. Three species of microbes (Lactobacillus casei (LC), Bacillus subtilis (BS), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)) were used in this study. They were applied to IRGS at 30 days after silage manufacture. Various items were measured using in vitro and in situ incubation technique after each microbial supplement was inoculated into IRGS at $0.5{\times}10^4CFU/g$. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of IRGS were evaluated at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after microbes were inoculated into IRGS. In the second experiment, in situ fermentation characteristics were investigated at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after the inoculation of each microbial supplement. In vitro ruminal $NH_3-N$ content was significantly (p<0.05) increased in LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS at 12 hrs post incubation compared to that in control IRGS. In vitro ruminal total VFA concentration and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of IRGS were not significantly difference among LC-, BS-, and SC-IRGS, although they were numerically increased in LC-IRGS than those of the other IRGS. In addition, this study evaluated the fermentation characteristics and in situ DMD of IRGS with the lapse of incubation time up to 5 days. Throughout the incubation times from 1 day to 5 days, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS than that in control IRGS. Lactate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and significantly (p<0.05) butyrate was lower in LC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It was higher (p<0.05) in control IRGS than that of BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS at 1-5 days. In situ DMD tended to increase in BS-, LC-, and SC-IRGS compared to that in control IRGS. Especially, DMD was higher in SC-IRGS than that in other treatments at 0 day. It tended to be higher in LC-IRGS at all incubation time. Taken together, these results suggest that it might be useful to select a microorganism by considering the feeding time of IRGS to ruminants because organic acids and DMD of IRGS were affected by the incubation time of each microorganism with IRG silage, especially for L. casei decreased the content of acetate and butyrate in IRGS.