• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.1
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• pp.109-144
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• 2003

Orientalness is a concept that expresses the collective identity of the Orient in relation to the West. The concept itself is mutable and defined by the relationship between the two regions at different points in time. Changes in the concept depend on a number of factors, such as cultural influence, the political balance of power between the two regions, and on the interpretative scheme that defines the relationship. In addition, the geographical notion of the concept evolves culturally, socially and politically. During this process, Oriental-ness becomes Oriental-ism at times. I will attempt to survey and measure the progression of Orientalness from its emergence in early 17th century to its subsequent transformation in modern Korea as reflected in art theory and art works. The recognition of the comparative characteristics of Oriental art began when the Orient was exposed to the art of the West in the late Ming dynasty during the early 17th century. The changes in the artistic climate in China affected the late Chosun. I will start with a brief introduction of this time and the birth of Orientalness. The concept gradually changed during the period of Enlightenment(開化期) towards the end of the 19th century, and during the colonial period( 1910-1945) it took on a new form. Establishment of the concept of "Orient"as a single, unifying concept spanning across cultures and national boundaries has been attributed to late Meiji period Japan, whose intention at that time is believed to have been to build a pan-Asia(亞細亞) empire with Japan at its commanding center. It has been stressed that the real motive behind the formation of one single cultural unit, where the shared common written language was Chinese and Confucianism and Taoism were the common metaphysical traditions, was to build one political unit. When the notion of a geographical unit of Asia was replaced by the concept of Asia as a cultural and political unit, a massive growth of interest and discourse were provoked around the concept of Orientalism. When Orientalism was being formulated, Korea automatically became member of "one Asia" when the country became colonized. For Koreans, the identity of the Orient had to be defined in cultural terms, as the political notion of a nation was non-existent at that time. The definition of identity was pursued at two levels, pan-Asian and local. If Orientalism was an elite discourse centered in pan-Asian philosophical and religious tradition, localized Orientalism was a popular discourse emphasizing locality as the byproduct of natural geographic condition. After the liberation in 1945 from colonial rule, a thrust of movement arose towards political nationalism. Two types of discourses on Orientalism, elite and popular, continued as central themes in art. Despite the effort to redefine the national identity by eradicating the cultural language of the colonial past, the past was enduring well into the present time. As discussed above, even when the painting themes were selected from Korean history, the tradition of using history painting as a manifestation of political policy to glorify the local identity had its founding during the Meiji period. The elevation of folk art to the level of high art also goes back to the colonial promotion of local color and local sentiment. Again, the succession of the past (colonial) ideal was defended as the tradition assumed a distinct modern shape that was abstract in style. The concept of the "Orient" is of relative and changing nature. It was formulated in relation to Western culture or civilization. Whatever the real motive of the adoption of them had been, the superiority of the Orient was emphasized at all times. The essence of the Orient was always perceived as the metaphysical tradition as a way to downgrade Western culture as materialistic. This view still prevails and the principle of Orient was always sought in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Even when Orientalism was employed by imperialist Japan in an effort to establish her position as the center of the Orient, the spiritual source was still in Chinese philosophy and religion. In art also, the Chinese literati tradition became the major platform for elite discourse. Orientalism was also defined locally, and the so-called local color was pursued in terms of theme and style. Thus trend continued despite the effort to eradicate the remnants of colonial culture long after liberation. These efforts are now being supported politically and also institutionalized to become the aesthetic ideal of the modern Korean art.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.32
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• pp.595-628
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• 2016

Pansori of a creative group pansori 2006 demonstration factory floor sound brutal sorigeuk the home of is a legend 'deokttaegol' in pansori, a creative for adaptation to remakes Work is. Evil Twin 'deokttaegol' called "Give me my leg back" in of Ghost Stories, broadcast on a kbs of lines from breakneck work is considered to be a pronoun. Sound and shadow play and playing drums and payments sentiments of the cruelty I've come across in this 'Give me my leg back' audience to be deployed to the cruel is formed by the center. Based on emotional horror of cruelty. When I was little, ever heard of Korean Ghost Stories, a bedrock of the main feeling revulsion of value in a short time and is contained in a story of filial piety, while in education, to the target Provided. Done in our lives using genre called 'pansori' sentiment and efficient learning can move about the value education can know. Sound and stories, many carefree a stimulus such as Pansori is a great gesture can be a means of education. Valued with any information, work is performed in pansori, depending upon efficient and the various, education and made an emotional cultivation resulting from the value. In my life friendly, our own via a variety of materials that can easily access many values and sentiments, and to culture for each age group on languages and customs Each age groups and instructive preferred allowing them access through their rhythm, pansori, access to the target is persistent about it with curiosity and interest. Can have interest. This wealth not belong to the traditional pansori and new together private and to the tune called creative work for the Pansori. Therefore, our language and customs, their poems span a friendly, the pansori and created using the vocabulary for each age group creative content is educational effects if used in education It is expected to be big thing. These effective approach for each age group and based on the vocabulary by the content easily understood lessons by causing only a smoothly acquired Can to provide an opportunity. Therefore, the Pansori of a creative education is important to take advantage of educational value.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.231-240
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• 2004

Space design in the 21st century has been developed in connection with media more various than ever. In the age of image represented by popular culture, space design connected with media is based on post-reason thoughts constituting the post-modern society, and reflects polysemously and pluralistically changes in the society through the identification of art with life. The movie, which is an image perceived particularly sensibly and the most impractical simulated image among various illusionary media images composing the contemporary society, is growing rapidly in interrelation with various fields of art based on its peculiar nature, and its influence is getting more extensive. The movie manipulates mass society to create what does not exist and restore lost images into new realities through the reproduction of extremely realistic senses, and uses them in establishing virtual realities and creating illusionary images representing the age of simularc. The illusionary expression of the movie produces new meanings through disintegrating existing meanings and recombining them, and expresses popular culture from a position closest to our everyday life. Such an analytical attitude toward the illusionary movie reflecting our society can be a new approach to space design. The present study attempts to suggest the possibility of applying such an illusionary characteristic of the movie as a methodology of space design by utilizing the characteristic as a conceptual language of space design.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.4768-4776
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• 2015

This study was conducted to identify factors affecting acculturation stress among Chinese students in Korea. 239 Chinese students in Korea were surveyed using a structured questionnaire from September 1, 2014 to January 31, 2015. The results were as follows. The subjects' acculturation stress was 3.29 out of 5. Their overall spiritual well-being was 3.10 out of 5, and their existential spiritual well-being and religious spiritual well-being were 3.67 and 2.54, respectively. On the other hand, demand for religious activities was 4.37 out of 6. Factors affecting acculturation stress among Chinese students in Korea were age, school year, period of stay in Korea, Korean language skill, demand for religion, and existential spiritual well-being, and their explanatory power was 36.1%. These findings suggest that religious activities need to include programs not only for guiding their lives of faith but also for improving their understanding of Korean culture and their Korean language skill and supporting their practical lives while studying in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.17 no.32
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• pp.255-266
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• 1994

This study does present things to suggest to foreign multinational corporation or domestic corporation through the empirical study on the standardization level. If we summary this study, it is as follows. In chapter I, we did institute the problems and explain the objects and methods and system of the study. In chapter II, we did explain the universality of the culture and international advertisement. Next, we did explain the background of doing specialization strategy and standardization strategy. Also we did study the previous study about the arguements for and against these. Lsat we did institute the hypothesises as follows. - Hypothesis 1 $H_0$ : The use of westerner appeal means has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 2 $H_0$ : The use of westerner model and knowned has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 3 $H_0$ : The use of the English language has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. - Hypothesis 4 $H_0$ : The use of the west short piece and background has been increased than 11 years before and is able to increase continuously. In chapter III, we did refer to the method of this study. First, we did adjust the measure of standardization index, and we did work coding it, such after the two coder did check the freguency of the appeal meanstype about the advertisement of four daily report. Then we did select eight production as high involvement production and seven production as low involvement. We did test the coder's trust degree on the such sample to be selected through the 't-test' of the SAS statistic program and regression analysis through the spss/$pc^+$ statistic program to approve the this study's hypothesises. In chapter IV, we did analysis the results of the empirical study on the high or low involvement productions. First, the results of t-test to approve the coder's trust degree is that it is same statistically attentionly the distribution of the sample between coder at 10% attention level. Next, the results of the regression analysis on eight hypothesises are as fellows. In case of high involvement production we are able to speak that the use of the English language appeal among the eight appeals is only standardized. And incase of low involvement production, we are able to speak that the use of the hard-sell appeal among the eight appeds is only standardized. Therefore we did conclude that the standardization level of Korea newspaper advertisement is low. Also this suggests that it will do plan and do the specialzation strategy or localization strategy foreign multinational corporation or domestic corporation in Korea newspaper advertisement. In chapter V, we do present the boundary of this study and new study methods.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.25
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• pp.627-648
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• 2011

The study analyzed a diachronic distribution, social meanings and social evaluations of ROOJIN. 'Headline Database of Newspaper Articles' and 'Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese' by KOKKEN were used as research data. There were 305 newspaper articles (About 0.2%) which contained the word ROOJIN at 'Headline Database of Newspaper Articles'. The number of newspaper articles related to ROOJIN started to increase in a rapid rate in 1972 and 1973. They were also increased in 1976, from 1981 to 1987, 1992 and 1993. The reasons of increasing of newspaper articles related to ROOJIN on those 4 periods of time could be summarized as follows. Firstly, there was a increasement of ROOJIN who are lonely, are not able to move about freely or live alone. Secondly, the understanding of a symptom of aging called BOKE was necessary. Thirdly, there were negative evaluations in a society towards ROOJIN. There were 453 cases which contained the word ROOJIN at 'Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese' on the data since 2000. The most frequently used words were ones that are related to senior care facilities. There were 109 cases (24%) which contain those words. '~SISETSU', '~SENTA-', '~HO-MU' were presented as words related to senior care facilities. Among them, 78 cases contained the word '~HO-MU' which was similar to a home with family members. The second most frequently used words were ones that are related to 'welfare for the aged' and they are led by 'medical care for the aged'. They occupied about 8%. Institutionalization of medical care for the aged, medical expenses, nursing were presented as words related to 'medical care for the aged'. Words that were related to 'welfare for the aged' led by 'senior care facilities' and 'medical care for the aged' occupied about 32% of research data. As mentioned above, problems of the aged in Modern Japan such as negative evaluations in a society towards ROOJIN, ROOJIN who are lonely, are not able to move about freely or live alone, BOKE could be identified by analyzing the data. Also, The frequent usage of words such as 'Home for the aged', 'medical care for the aged' and 'nursing' could be identified. The outcome of analysis suggested that a family traditionally had a function of solving problems of the aged but that function was reduced in modern Japan. It also suggested that there was a tendency to outsource problems of the aged as much as possible.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2002

Biological control against mushroom fly, Lycoriella mali, was performed by using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Bti-D and Bti-U, isolated from dead mushroom fly in oyster mushroom houses. Control values of the bacterial strains Bti-D and Bti-U against L. mali in bottle culture of oyster mushroom were 74.4% and 64.2%, respectively, and the value in small tray culture were 75.8% and 56.8%, respectively. In the experiment to develop the mass, cheap media for Bti-D and Bti-U isolates, the Biji broth (bean curd residue, called Biji in Korean language) was selected as a culture medium for an inexpensive and mass cultivation by the measurement of optical density of the two bacteria grown in the different media tested. Insecticidal effect of the formulation contained different ingredients that were prepared by using the Bti-D strain cultured in the Biji broth was tested in tray and bottle culture of oyster mushroom. The WCS formulation that contained corn starch as bio-gel (86.4%) was more effective to control the mushroom fly than living cells (69.1%) in bottle culture of oyster mushroom. Moreover, insecticidal effect of the WCS formulation was improved when water of pH 8 was used for dilution of the formulation. Effect of the WCS formulation using water of pH 8 and chemicals, Zuron (dimillin) W.P. on the control of mushroom fly and the productivity of oyster mushroom was investigated in tray culture of oyster mushroom. The Zuron W.P. was more effective to control the mushroom fly than the WCS formulation. However, compared with no treatment, the productivity of the mushroom treated with the WCS formulation was improved than that of the mushroom with Zuron W.P.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-145
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• 2009

Recently, due to the globalization of the IT(Information Technology) market, devices and systems designed in one country are used in other countries as well. This phenomenon is becoming the key factor for increased interest on cross-cultural, or cross-national, research within the IT area. However, as the IT market is becoming bigger and more globalized, a great number of IT practitioners are having difficulty in designing and developing devices or systems which can provide optimal experience. This is because not only tangible factors such as language and a country's economic or industrial power affect the user experience of a certain device or system but also invisible and intangible factors as well. Among such invisible and intangible factors, the cultural characteristics of users from different countries may affect the user experience of certain devices or systems because cultural characteristics affect how they understand and interpret the devices or systems. In other words, when users evaluate the quality of overall user experience, the cultural characteristics of each user act as a perceptual lens that leads the user to focus on a certain elements of experience. Therefore, there is a need within the IT field to consider cultural characteristics when designing or developing certain devices or systems and plan a strategy for localization. In such an environment, existing IS studies identify the culture with the country, emphasize the importance of culture in a national level perspective, and hypothesize that users within the same country have same cultural characteristics. Under such assumptions, these studies focus on the moderating effects of cultural characteristics on a national level within a certain theoretical framework. This has already been suggested by cross-cultural studies conducted by scholars such as Hofstede(1980) in providing numerical research results and measurement items for cultural characteristics and using such results or items as they increase the efficiency of studies. However, such national level culture has its limitations in forecasting and explaining individual-level behaviors such as voluntary device or system usage. This is because individual cultural characteristics are the outcome of not only the national culture but also the culture of a race, company, local area, family, and other groups that are formulated through interaction within the group. Therefore, national or nationally dominant cultural characteristics may have its limitations in forecasting and explaining the cultural characteristics of an individual. Moreover, past studies in psychology suggest a possibility that there exist different cultural characteristics within a single individual depending on the subject being measured or its context. For example, in relation to individual vs. collective characteristics, which is one of the major cultural characteristics, an individual may show collectivistic characteristics when he or she is with family or friends but show individualistic characteristics in his or her workplace. Therefore, this study acknowledged such limitations of past studies and conducted a research within the framework of 'theoretically integrated model of user satisfaction and emotional attachment', which was developed through a former study, on how the effects of different experience elements on emotional attachment or user satisfaction are differentiated depending on the individual cultural characteristics related to a system or device usage. In order to do this, this study hypothesized the moderating effects of four cultural dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs, collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, and power distance) as suggested by Hofstede(1980) within the theoretically integrated model of emotional attachment and user satisfaction. Statistical tests were then implemented on these moderating effects through conducting surveys with users of four digital devices (mobile phone, MP3 player, LCD TV, and refrigerator) in three countries (US, Germany, and Russia). In order to explain and forecast the behavior of personal device or system users, individual cultural characteristics must be measured, and depending on the target device or system, measurements must be measured independently. Through this suggestion, this study hopes to provide new and useful perspectives for future IS research.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.499-506
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• 2016

This study is focused on showing possibilities and limitations of the disabled men roles through the relationships with migrant women in korean novels, furthermore it is discovering the problems and the directions for successful cohabitation of the disabled men and migrant women in Korea. To accomplish this purpose of study, we analyzed and criticized 5 Korean novels which described the life of a disabled man with a migrant woman in Korean multicultural society. As a result, the disabled man in those relationships represented the man who was only true to his own desires or the man of the minority in social restraint due to disability and also those men can be classified as attackers or helpers for their migrant lovers. These formulaic expressions being problematic by themselves also facilitate making distorted images of the disabled men and migrant women.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2003

The topic of 21st century's culture is the appearance of digital media. It made changes as big as the industrial revolution, and our society is now ruled by the digital media. The main objective of this study is to forecast the direction of current visual design education by researching and analyzing how the introduction of digital media is influencing the evolution of visual design's identity, which is an ever changing and developing science. Also, since the rain target of digital media is the young generation, the change in the method of expressing visual language is inevitable In fact, there have been a lot of changes in the methods of creating and distributing visual communication due to the introduction of digital media. In the past, most educational institutions of design had similar objectives, curriculums and teaching methods to provide education that prepares students for practical business. However, in this digital media era, the application and utilization of visual design are uncomparably diversified, and it is generally classified as interaction. The purpose of this study is to find a wat to train visual design professionals in this digital era. For this purpose, this study will identify a new educational system that fulfills the demands of this society by fusing the traditional education and the new digital education, and will suggest what an design education institute that is ahead of the demands of society should be like.