• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to categorize a landscape adjective list for urban landscape analysis. For this purpose, four methods are used. The first method is to survey the foreign landscape adjective lists such as Feimer's EACL & LACL, VRM suggested vocabulary, and IEA and LI's aesthetic factors, which are commonly used in domestic research. The second method is to analyze vocabulary in Korean linguistic textbook the third is to investigate Korean adjective lists from 36 domestic research. The last is to survey adjectives used to express the urban landscapes. 24 landscapes from BunDdang, GwaCheon, YakSoo and ApGuJeong were presented to 40 subjects, whose responses were collected and categorized. The frequency analysis of the adjectives and landscape factors were processed by SJTOOL, which was programmed for Korean vocabulary analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: Foreign adjective lists were mainly focused on the physical features of landscapes and they also had linguistic problems caused by the translations. Therefore, it is undesirable to use the foreign adjective list directly to analyze Korean urban landscapes. The vocabulary from the linguistic textbook has more variety, but it includes many adjectives irrelevant to the urban landscape. More types of adjectives were used in the researches(890 adjectives/295 types), compared with the result of response survey(1,406 adjectives/270 types). Because some adjectives were partly confusing, it is desirable to categorize the adjectives. The categorized adjectives could therefore be more useful and practical for urban landscape analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.69-84
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• 2020

Up to date, the majority research on the major landscape elements in organic farming has been mainly focused on the practice of seeking efficiency. The problem is that this type of study contributes to polluting the agricultural environment and damaging the ecological circulation system. As an alternative, there is a growing body of research on organic farming, but it is not widely applied that research on how to manage the landscape considering the scenic characteristics of farming villages practicing organic farming. Hence, in this paper we utilized landscape adjectives as a way to enhance the objectivity of the organic agricultural complex landscape assessment. More specifically, not only this study used a landscape image of an organic agricultural complex to identify a landscape adjective suitable for the landscape elements but also this study confirmed the suitability of landscape adjectives comparing to the opinions of experts and the public. To carry out, this study performed the experts survey which is composed of 12 major landscape elements, including rice paddies and fields, monoculture and diverse crops, dirt roads, windbreak trees, accent planting, dum-bung(small pond), natural small river, natural waterways, plastic film houses, one-storied houses, and pavilion. As a result of deriving the landscape adjectives from the main landscape elements, there were nine landscape adjectives that were consistent with experts and the public, including "clear" and "Artless" for rice paddies and fields, while the mismatched landscape adjectives were 'traditional'. The accent planting was a combination of landscape adjectives such as 'natural' and 'clear', while the windbreak trees was a consensus of all landscape adjectives. Only two adjectives, 'friendly' and 'wild', agreed on the dirt load, nine dum-bung(small pond), ten natural small river, nine duckery, eight one-storied houses, 10 pavilion, eight monoculture and diverse crops, and three natural waterways. The most common landscape adjectives were windbreak trees, pavilions, and natural small river, all 10 landscape adjectives. However, it is considered that only three of the 10 landscape types on the dirt road and the natural number are matched. Thus, additional management measures will be needed. In addition, it was analyzed that the most common landscape adjectives were "Artless" and "friendly" 13 times. The landscape adjectives of the organic farming complex responded by experts were analyzed to be suitable for natural, clear, zingy, silent, traditional, artless, friendly, wild and Leisurely, and consistent with the general public's opinion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2010

Amenity landscapes in rural areas are becoming increasingly important as a resources to vitalize the rural areas. Befitting the times, The objectives of this study were 1) Extracting Landscape Evaluation photos: research preferences of 93 Photos taken from 15 site and analyze the possibility of Classification. select 12 photos for Image survey. 2)Adjectives select: Preliminary investigation into the 45 selected adjectives and adjectives by taking expert group of 21 adjectives were selected. Through reliability analysis, 19 adjective pairs were used to survey and factor analysis of images of landscape photographs. 3)Psychological characteristics of agricultural landscape survey and analysis: Psychological research on landscape photos and factor analysis, the agricultural production landscape to explain the 4 factors were extracted. And, each factor was discussed in relation to agricultural landscape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find the bi-polar adjectives for rural stream landscape evaluation by the semantic differential scale and to suggest the major determinants of visual preference in rural stream landscapes. For this, the bi-polar adjectives for rural stream landscape evaluation was found by the method of the reliability test, and the spatial image was analyzed by the factor analysis. The level of visual preference was measured by slide simulation test, and these data were analyzed by the multiple regression. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) Of the bi-polar adjectives expressing psychological and physical characteristics, the hi-polar adjectives which demonstrated reliability and consistency run as follows : Bi-polar adjectives expressing psychological characteristics : 'calm-bustling', 'unfamiliar-familiar', 'still-active','depressing-brisk', 'discomfortable-comfortable', 'suppressed-free', 'lifeless-living', 'quiet-noisy', 'unpleasant-pleasant'. Bi-polar adjectives expressing physical characteristics : 'artificial-natural', 'narrow-wide', 'rocky-not rocky', 'desolate-fertile', 'dirty-clean', 'enclosed-open', 'flat-steep', 'not gravelly-gravelly', 'thicketed-not thicketed', 'not weedy-weedy'. 2) Two factors, the harmony and the movement, were derived from the factor analysis for the psychological variables. Three factors, the naturalness, the rock, and the vegetation, were derived from the factor analysis for the physical variables. 3) Rural stream landscape types were classified into four types by the multi-dimensional scaling method. Type III, IV obtained higher rank of visual preference and type I, II obtained lower. 4) For all types, the factors determining the level of visual preference were found to be the harmony, the naturalness, and the vegetation. The visual preference determinants of rural stream landscape need to be considered in improving or restoring the rural stream landscapes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.25-33
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• 2022

Due to the standardized urban development since the industrial era, many urban spaces have experienced non-placeness. Recently, although interest in urban landscape, history, and cultural elements has been increasing, landscape management and control measures are being implemented mainly in large cities due to the low status of rural areas in the country. From this point of view, this study tried to lay the foundation for basic research in related fields by classifying the characteristics and types of streetscapes located near large cities, and to suggest directions that should be considered when managing streetscapes in the future. As a result of the analysis of landscape adjectives, the village felt secluded due to the low density compared to the city street overall, but it did not have a unique image of the region. Three factors were derived through factor analysis, and preference was affected in the order of aesthetic, regularity, and uniqueness. In addition, the research site was classified into three types through cluster analysis, and it was confirmed that the differences by type were due to aesthetics and naturalness. On the other hand, the uniqueness is generally low in all regions, so it seems that fundamental countermeasures are needed.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.162-180
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• 2023

The World Heritage Committee decided to make "cultural landscapes" a world heritage category in the 16th Session of the UNESCO General Conference. The decision was made from a recognition of the importance of interactions between human beings and the natural environment or between cultural heritage and natural heritage. Many countries have created policies and institutions to protect their own cultural landscapes along with the changing times. Korea, however, has not obviously defined the concepts and categories of its cultural landscapes, but manages policies and institutions based on the concept of a scenic spot, which has some similar meanings. In addition, it even borrows the "list of landscape adjectives," one of the representative methods for managing landscapes, from foreign countries. With this background, this paper suggested how to define cultural landscapes according to the global development flow. It created a list of cultural landscape adjectives by gathering the adjectives that can properly express local cultural landscapes in Korea. In particular, it collected 4,556 articles from a local newspaper by focusing on the case of Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, and analyzed key words and adjectives included in them by using big data analysis. The results suggested by this paper, such as the "classification table of cultural landscape types," "list of cultural landscape adjectives" and "network map of nouns/adjectives" can be applied to research on other localities, and furthermore, used as basic data for finding and protecting the characteristics of local cultural landscapes in Korea.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2011

This study was focused on the influence of soundscape provided to the interior landscape on the improvement of occupants' sound environment. When soundscape was provided to occupants together with the interior landscape rather than simply providing interior landscape, the occupants' satisfaction seemed to be improved. The most preferred sound source among the three sound sources was considered as the sound of the grasshopper. When both of the interior landscape and the landscape substances was provided, the adjectives with the average difference of more than 1 are "Vicissitudinous", "Elegant" and "Cheerful". When the interior landscape and the sound source were provided, such adjectives as "Vicissitudinous", "Complex" and "Cheerful" are extracted. When all the variables were provided, such adjectives as "Vicissitudinous", "Abundant" and "Cheerful" seem to show the difference of more than 1. Regarding "Vicissitudinous", it was possible to know that the average difference of more than 1.5 was the biggest. Regarding the relative values of the ${\alpha}$ wave and the ${\beta}$ wave for each part, it seemed that the highest ${\alpha}$ wave was generated on the left parietal lobe of P3, while the lowest ${\beta}$ wave was generated on the left and right frontal lobes of Fp1 and Fp2. According to this study, it was shown that the soundscape and the interior landscape seemed to influence the improvement of the occupants' sound environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape preference and landscape images of the Agricultural Aqueduct Bridges(AAB) by several different criteria. Semantic Differential Scale(SD scale) with landscape adjectives and landscape preference are used to estimate the alternatives of the AAB. The statistic methods such as descriptive analysis, t-test, factor analysis and regression, cluster analysis, are operated. The landscape preference of the alternatives is generally positive, 3.977 out of 7.000. The gate type is the most preferred, but the road-along type is the worst, by the location types. The simple repair type is the worst preferred, but total remodeling is the most, by the repair types. The characteristics of the AAB are analyzed and 4 factors of visual landscape are contracted; interest, orderliness, naturality and spatiality. Cumulative factor loading of these factors is about 65%, which is quite high. The higher and bigger AAB's are preferred, and the advanced finishing materials are also preferred, such as aluminum or wood panels. The long span is also preferred and the high repair cost would be preferred. But in this study, the cost-benefit analysis is not included, so it is recommended to research further, considering the cost variable with the visual factors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.27-38
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• 2017

Humans are provided with a wide range of public benefits from ecosystems and agricultural ecosystems. But the establishment of the horticulture complex is a space that hampers the public ecosystem. Therefore, we have evaluated the creating landscape function of the horticulture complex and found improvement. A total of 20 landscape slides were used for the study. Korea-paddy field, Korea-vinyl greenhouse, Korea-glass greenhouse, Japan-vinyl greenhouse and Netherlands-glass greenhouse were selected as 4 slides. The evaluation used the AHP method and 10 adjectives Likert which compares 20 landscape slides. Four Korea-paddy fields were rated highly positive images. All 10 adjectives can be selected as representative images of production scenes. In most adjectives, four scenes of KVG1, KVG2, KVG3 and KVG4, which are the Korea-greenhouse scenes, were evaluated as negative images. Netherlands and Korea-glass greenhouse scenes and Japan-vinyl greenhouse scenes were generally positive images. In conclusion, it is confirmed that glass greenhouse scenery is higher than vinyl greenhouse scenery. And Japan and Netherlands scenery are higher and better than Korea. Therefore, JVG1 in Japan and NGG3 in the Netherlands were proposed to be set as landscape improvement targets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.101-110
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was on suggesting what is the image and image formation factor of interior landscaping plants. For this purpose, the sixty interior landscaping plants were selected. Selected plants were classified into 9 groups by similar characteristics of plants, for example, leaf color and leaf pattern. Data analysis were performed by semantic differential scale method, mean score and multiple regression algorithm. The results are as follows, 1. Comparing with image assessment, group 9 got the highest score in all aspects. 2. Comparing with the image assessment of interior landscaping plants, the "impressive" image was obtained the highest score and "bright", "cool", "beautiful" and "fresh" were followed. 3. Multiple regression analysis was performed to clarify influence degree of the adjectives related to the beauty. The next adjectives were significant check points on assessing the beauty of interior landscaping plants. Also, Guzmania magnifical was investigated to have the most beautiful image with the results of preference analysis. Vriesea splendens, Cordyline terminalis Kunth 'Lilliput' and Peperomia sandersii were identified as considerably preferred plants. were identified as considerably preferred plants.