• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 1996

Monitoring techniques for afro-ecological environments were studied, Hydrologic and ecological components in conjunction with water quality were monitored in the Balkan watershed. The hydrologic monitoring program consists of four water level gauging stations along creeks and stream at the watershed having 26.5 km2. Stage - storage relationship of reservoir, rainfall amount of the watershed, and rating curve of the stream gauging stations were established. Soil type, land use, hydrologic soil group, population and economic activities within the watershed were surveyed. Water quality data from the streams were sampled weekly and chemical analysis was conducted. Temporal variations of water quality were investigated and water quality map of each reach of stream was made to identify spatial variations. Seasonal and spatial variations of vegetation densities along stream in the watershed were investigated using grid, Density variations of insect species such as arthropod, flying insect, spider spices, rice insects were also monitored to determine seansonal surveying density. These monitored data will be used to develop monitoring techi%ues and afro - ecological environment models.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2010

Large pressure on the growing population has increased rapid change in the LULC (land use/land cover) patterns in the watershed area. Spatial distribution of LULC information and its changes are desirable for any effective planning, managing and monitoring activities. The aim of the study is to produce the 1,50,000 scaled LULC change map for the sub-watershed, Western Moyar, India using the multi-temporal satellite image dataset of IRS LISS III images for the year 1989, 1999, and 2002. About 9 classes are extracted using onscreen visual interpretation techniques for all the three years. The change detection analysis was performed using matrix method for period I (1989-1999) and period II (1999-2002). The study reveals that the changes noticed in period II (1999-2002) is comparatively more than period I (1989-1999), which is dynamic information to protect the sub-watershed area from the deterioration and paves the way to for the sustainable development.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.617-623
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• 2005

Forestry and agricultural land uses constitute 85% of Korea and these land uses are typically mixed in many watersheds. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration is a primary factor for managing water qualities of the water resources in Korea. BOD loadings from diffuse sources, however, not well monitored yet. This study aims to assess BOD loadings from diffuse sources and their affecting factors to conserve quality of water resources. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) of BOD was calculated based on the monitoring data of forty rainfall events at four agricultural-forestry watersheds. Exceedence cumulative probability of BOD EMCs were plotted to show agricultural activities in a watershed impacts on the magnitude of EMCs. Prediction equation for each rainfall event was proposed to estimate BOD EMCs: $EMC_{BOD}(mg/L)=EXP(0.413+0.0000001157{\times}$(discharged runoff volume in $m^3$)+0.018${\times}$(ratio of agricultural land use to total watershed area).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Through Saemangeum development project, 283 ㎢ of new land is planned to be created and the reclaimed land of 89.7 ㎢ will be used as agricultural land. Therefore, monitoring of soil salinity is required to evaluate the suitability of the land for agricultural purposes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated changes of soil physico-chemical properties, including electric conductivity (EC), of the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land (1,195 ha) from 2008 to 2017 to obtain basic data for suitable soil management of the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Soil samples were collected from the sites spaced 200 meters apart from each other. Soil analysis results showed that average soil EC was 14.5 dS m-1 in 2008, and decreased to 6.5 dS m-1 in 2014 and to 0.9 dS m-1 in 2017. Accordingly, the soil area below soil EC 4.7 dS m-1 (accepted as farmable soil salinity) increased; 25.0% in 2008, 54.3% in 2014, and 96.9% in 2017. The annual decrease in soil EC was described as y = -1.5756x + 14.6 (R2= 0.96), where y = soil EC and x = elapsed years since 2008. CONCLUSION: The soil salinity have decreased to a level for cultivation of most edible crops. However, since the soil chemical properties, such as soil organic matter were inadequate for the cultivation of crops, it was suggested that management of soil fertility would be important for efficient agricultural use of Saemangeum reclaimed land.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.344-347
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• 2005

The purpose of the study for the development of the technologies of water quality monitoring and contamination protection at water resource aquifer is to secure the groundwater as potable water resources. The results of water analysis as a basis of potable water criteria showed that 30 groundwater samples among 138 samples of small water supply system (21.7%) were exceeded the water criteria. The concentrations of Cl, $NO_3$ and Na for granite area are higher than those of gneiss and metasedimentary rocks of Ogcheon belt area and they are caused by the high vulnerability of groundwater at granite region where the residential area and cultivated land are concentrated. The spatial distribution of components indicated the close relationships between water quality and geology, land use, and topography. The multivariate statistical results showed that the water samples are divided into three groups by geology.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2015

Structural health monitoring is becoming more and more important in the domain of civil engineering as a proper mean to increase and maintain the safety, especially in the land of earthquakes like Japan. In many civil structures, the deformations are the most relevant parameter to be monitored. In this context, a monitoring technology based on the use of long-gage fiber optic deformation sensor, SOFO is being applied to a 33-floors tall building in Tokyo. Sensors were installed on the $2^{nd}$ floor's steel columns of the building on May 2005 in the early stage of the construction. The installed SOFO sensors were dynamic compatible ones which enable both static and dynamic measurements. The monitoring is to be performed during the whole lifespan of the building. During the construction, static deformations of the columns had been measured on a regular basis using a reading unit for static measurement and dynamic deformation measurements were occasionally conducted using a reading unit for dynamic measurement. The building was completed on August 2006. After the completion, static and dynamic deformation measurements have been continuing. This paper describes a health monitoring technology, SOFO system which is applicable to high-rise buildings and monitoring results of a 33-floors tall building in Tokyo from May 2005 to October 2010.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.30
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• pp.10.1-10.14
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• 2015

Recent cohort studies have relied on exposure prediction models to estimate individual-level air pollution concentrations because individual air pollution measurements are not available for cohort locations. For such prediction models, geographic variables related to pollution sources are important inputs. We demonstrated the computation process of geographic variables mostly recorded in 2010 at regulatory air pollution monitoring sites in South Korea. On the basis of previous studies, we finalized a list of 313 geographic variables related to air pollution sources in eight categories including traffic, demographic characteristics, land use, transportation facilities, physical geography, emissions, vegetation, and altitude. We then obtained data from different sources such as the Statistics Geographic Information Service and Korean Transport Database. After integrating all available data to a single database by matching coordinate systems and converting non-spatial data to spatial data, we computed geographic variables at 294 regulatory monitoring sites in South Korea. The data integration and variable computation were performed by using ArcGIS version 10.2 (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA). For traffic, we computed the distances to the nearest roads and the sums of road lengths within different sizes of circular buffers. In addition, we calculated the numbers of residents, households, housing buildings, companies, and employees within the buffers. The percentages of areas for different types of land use compared to total areas were calculated within the buffers. For transportation facilities and physical geography, we computed the distances to the closest public transportation depots and the boundary lines. The vegetation index and altitude were estimated at a given location by using satellite data. The summary statistics of geographic variables in Seoul across monitoring sites showed different patterns between urban background and urban roadside sites. This study provided practical knowledge on the computation process of geographic variables in South Korea, which will improve air pollution prediction models and contribute to subsequent health analyses.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.32 no.E
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• pp.1-19
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• 1990

Abstract Over the last several decades, crop production in the United States increased largely due to the extensive use of animal waste and fertilizers as plant nutrient supplements, and pesticides for crops pests and weed control. Without the application of animal waste best management, the use of animal waste can result in nonpoint source pollution from agricultural land area. In order to increase nutrient levels and decrease contamination from agricultural lands, nonpoint source pollution is responsible for water quality degradation. Nonpoint source pollutants such as animal waste, ferilizers, and pesticides are transported primarily through runoff from agricultural areas. Nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, can be a major water quality problem because they cause eutrophic algae growth. In 1985, it was presented that Watershed/Water Quality Monitoring for Evaluation BMP Effectiveness was implemented for Nomini Creek Watershed, located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The watershed is predominantly agricultural and has an aerial extent of 1505 ha of land, with 43% under cropland, 54% under woodland, and 3% as homestead and roads. Rainfall data was collected at the watershed from raingages located at sites PNI through PN 7. Streams at stations QN I and QN2 were being measured with V-notch weirs. Water levels at the stream was measured using an FW-l Belfort (Friez FWl). The water quality monitoring system was designed to provide comprehensive assessment of the quality of storm runoff and baseflow as influenced by changes in landuse, agronomic, and cultural practices ill the watershed. As this study was concerned with the Nomini Creek Watershed, the separation of storm runoff and baseflow measured at QNI and QN2 was given by the master depletion curve method, and the loadings of baseflow and storm runoff for TN (Total Nitrogen) and TP (Total Phosphorus) were analyzed from 1987 through 1989. The results were studied for the best management practices to reduce contamination and loss of nutrients, (e.g., total nitrogen and total phosphorus) by nonpoint source pollution from agricultural lands.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2017

In this study, sediment transfer and precipitation analysis of the test bed watershed was conducted through the model for the application and practical use of the urban sediment disaster prevention technology, and used this as an aid to design to secure reliability. In addition, conducted the test bed monitoring with the defense technology, analyzed the effect, and established the maintenance plan. Analyzed the change of soil deposition volume through arbitrary slope adjustment for the currently installed stormwater conduit of the test bed watershed. As a result, it is important to reduce the total sedimentation amount in the adjustment of the slope of the entire pipeline, but it is important that the sedimentation depth of each sediment does not rise to such a degree as to threaten the performance of the pipeline. Considering these matters, it is necessary to design the pipeline to prevent the clogging of the soil from the viewpoint of the reliability of the entire pipeline. The sediment disaster defense technology test bed is divided into a new city and an old city, and old city test bed is under construction. The result obtained through the monitoring of the test bed in the new city, sediment disasters such as debris can delay the time to reach the downtown area, and it is possible to secure the golden time, such as evacuation and rescue through the warning system. Also, the maintenance of the test bed application was suggested. Continuous and systematic monitoring is required for securing the reliability of element technology and successful commercialization.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.101-117
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• 2003

High resolution satellite image analysis has been recognized as an effective technique for monitoring local land-cover and atmospheric changes. In this study, a new high resolution map for land-cover was generated using both high-resolution IKONOS image and conventional land-use mapping. Fuzzy classification method was applied to classify land-cover, with minimum operator used as a tool for joint membership functions. In separateness analysis, the values were not great for all bands due to discrepancies in spectral reflectance by seasonal variation. The land-cover map generated in this study revealed that conifer forests and farm land in the ground and tidal flat and beach in the ocean were highly changeable. The kappa coefficient was 0.94% and the overall accuracy of classification was 95.0%, thus suggesting a overall high classification accuracy. Accuracy of classification in each class was generally over 90%, whereas low classification accuracy was obtained for classes of mixed forest, river and reservoir. This may be a result of the changes in classification, e.g. reclassification of paddy field as water area after water storage or mixed use of several classification class due to similar spectral patterns. Seasonal factors should be considered to achieve higher accuracy in classification class. In conclusion, firstly, IKONOS image are used to generated a new improved high resolution land-cover map. Secondly, IKONOS image could serve as useful complementary data for decision making when combined with GIS spatial data to produce land-use map.