• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2016

Uniformity and leveled distributions of soil chemicals across paddy fields are critical to manage optimal crop yields, reduce environmental risks and efficiently use water in rice cultivation. In this study, an investigation of spatial distributions on soil chemical properties was conducted to evaluate the effect of land leveling on mitigation of soil chemical property heterogeneity from a remodeled paddy field. The spatial variabilities of chemical properties were analyzed by geostatistical analyses; semivariograms and kriged simulations. The soil samples were taken from a 1 ha paddy field before and after land leveling with sufficient water. The study site was located at Bon-ri site of Dalseong and river sediments were dredged from Nakdong river basins. The sediments were buried into the paddy field after 50 cm of top soils at the paddy field were removed. The top soils were recovered after the sediments were piled up. In order to obtain the most accurate spatial field information, the soil samples were taken at every 5 m by 5 m grid point and total number of samples was 100 before and after land leveling with sufficient water. Soil pH increased from 6.59 to 6.85. Geostatistical analyses showed that chemical distributions had a high spatial dependence within a paddy field. The parameters of semivariogram analysis showed similar trends across the properties except pH comparing results from before and after land leveling. These properties had smaller "sill" values and greater "range" values after land leveling than ones from before land leveling. These results can be interpreted as land leveling induced more homogeneous distributions of soil chemical properties. The homogeneous distributions were confirmed by kriged simulations and distribution maps. As a conclusion, land leveling with sufficient water may induce better managements of fertilizer and water use in rice cultivation at disturbed paddy fields.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2002

In this study, the leveling control system for a tractor has been developed. The experimental model showed that the implementation of the proposed hydraulic control system fur the prototype design of a slope land tractor was feasible. The front axle was designed as a center pin type and the rear axle was designed as a trailing arm type. The leveling control of the body on the slope land was accomplished by controlling the height of the right and left trailing arms using the electronic controlled hydraulic cylinder. The maximum leveling control angles were ${\pm}$15$^{\circ}$ for roll angle and 7$^{\circ}$far pitch angle. The front and rear wheel drives were transmitted by gears from the main shaft to the final drive. The adaptability of the hydraulic control system was tested and investigated by analyzing the system response in time and frequency domain. The hydraulic control system on a step input showed a linearly increasing trend without any overshoot state. The hydraulic control system on a frequency input showed a little phase differences and gain drops within the range of 0.3Hz.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

Applications for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) have expanded enormously in recent years. Of all its various technologies, the UAV's ability to take off and land in a moving environment is particularly required for military or oceanic usage. In this study, we develop a novel leveling platform that allows the UAV to stably take off and land even on uneven terrains or in moving environments. The leveling platform is composed of an upper pad and a lower mobile base. The upper pad, from which the UAV can take off or land, is designed in the form of a 2 degrees of freedom (DOF) gimbal mechanism that generates the leveling function. The lower mobile base has a four-wheel drive structure that can be operated remotely. We evaluate the developed leveling platform by performing extensive experiments on both the horizontal terrain and the 5-degree ramped terrain, and confirm that the leveling platform successfully maintains the horizontal pose on both terrains. This allows the UAV to stably take off and land in moving environments.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.269-278
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• 1997

An automatic level measurement system was developed to level the land fer direct seeding of rice. A laser transmitter/receiver set was used to measure land-level. The inclination error occurred in level measurement on irregular land surface could be compensated by attaching rotating mass. The level measuring experiments were performed on three kinds of different shapes(step, random, sine). This system could accurately measure step level of which amplitude was 40mm in 0.5s, random level change within $\pm$ 5mm maximum measurement error, and sine level change of which spatial frequency was 0.5m-1. To verify performance of the inclination error compensation system, frequency transfer function(acceleration input vs. inclination error) was computed by spectral analysis. The inclination error was decreased about 20㏈ by error compensation system.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the pasture types and the leveling methods of winding slope land for seedbed on the runoff, soil loss, botanical composition, dry matter yield of forage and economical value at the Experimental Field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suweon, from 1994 to 1995. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Runoff of the improved land was higher than that of the unimproved land in the top grass and bottom grass. 2. Soil loss of the improved land was higher than that of the unimproved land in the top and bottom grasses in the first year. However, it was slightly higher in the unimproved land, and all of it were greatly decreased in the second year. 3. The percentage of grasses coverage was increased with the improved land in the first year, and it was not different between the improved land and unimproved land in the second year. Also, it was slightly increased in the bottom grasses. 4. Dry matter yield of grasses was increased with improved land at the top and bottom grasses. DM yield of grasses was increased in the top grasses in the first year and bottom grasses in the second year, respectively. 5. The establishment cost of grasses was decreased with wages decrement, and the management cost was saved about 1,116,000 won per ha with improved land. The results demonstrated that although soil loss was increased by leveling methods of improved land irrespective of pasture types in the first year, it was decreased with time little by little. Also, improved land was very good for grasses coverage, dry matter(DM) yield and economical value.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

When a slope tractor works on the slope land, it travels usually along the contour and slope line. In that case, the efficiency of work generally decreases and the safety of the operator caused by the overturn of the tractor should be considered. Maintaining the tractor body being horizontal during the travel is crucial to solve problems. To overcome such a problem, an automatic leveling control system for slope tractor has been developed. The system composed of sensor for measuring rolling and pitching inclination of the slope tractor chassis, controller, hydraulic control system and mechanism. The limit angle of the leveling control was set up to be ${\pm}15^{\circ}C$ for rolling, ${\pm}7^{\circ}C$ for pitching. The proposed control and hydraulic power system was implemented to the prototype slope tractor. This paper shows results about development of the automatic leveling mechanism and response properties for slope tractor.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.493-500
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• 2012

2000년대 초반까지 우리나라 지오이드 모델의 정밀도는 지상 중력 자료 및 GPS/Leveling 자료의 낮은 분포 및 정밀도로 인해 약 14cm 수준에 머물렀다. 그러나 2007년 이후 높은 정밀도와 고른 분포를 나타내는 새로운 지상 및 항공 중력 자료, GPS/Leveling 자료가 획득됨에 따라 지오이드 모델의 정밀도를 향상할 수 있는 기반이 마련되었으며, 2011년 초반에 발표된 중력 지오이드 모델의 정밀도는 약 5.29cm로 기존 모델에 비해 약 27% 향상되었다. 2010년 이후에도 많은 중력 자료가 통합기준점, 수준점 및 삼각점에서 획득되었고, 특히 2010년 통합기준점 구축 사업이 완료됨에 따라 우리나라 전역에서 약 10km의 간격을 나타내는 GPS/Leveling 자료가 구축되어 보다 정밀한 지오이드 모델의 구축 및 검증이 가능하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 2012년 현재 우리나라에서 가용한 지상, 항공, 위성고도계 중력 자료를 기반으로 하여 중력지오이드 모델을 구축하였다. 그 결과 우리나라 전역에서 중력 지오이드 모델은 18.05m부터 32.70m의 범위의 값을 나타내며, 정밀도는 약 5.76cm로 산출되었다. 또한, 중력 지오이드 모델과 GPS/Leveling 자료를 융합하여 구축한 합성 지오이드 모델의 적합도 및 정밀도는 각각 3.60cm와 4.06cm로 계산되었다. 마지막으로 건설현장 등에서 합성 지오이드 모델을 활용할 수 있는지 검증하기 위하여 15km 기선거리에 대한 상대 정밀도를 계산한 결과 약 3.35cm로 나타났다. 상대 정밀도가 낮게 나타나는 이유는 강원도 및 동해안, 서 남해안 등에서 우리나라 수직기준체계간의 불일치로 인해 지역적인 편이가 존재하며, 일부 내륙에서도 주변 성과와의 일관성 저하문제가 나타나는 점들이 있기 때문으로 향후 통합기준점 성과에 대한 신뢰도 검증이 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2010년 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.35-37
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• 2010

To construct precision geoid model, the gravity data having equal distribution and quality is necessary. In previous study, however, the geoid model has low precision since the biased distributed gravity data and some unverified data has been used and the gap between land and ocean exists. Now, the airborne and land gravity data was collected by various survey and the ship-borne gravity data and altimeter data has been achieved. Therefore, the precision geoid model development would be possible. And the GPS/Leveling data obtained by NGII could be used for construction of hybrid geoid in Korea. In this study, the procedure of geoid construction based on airborne, land, ship-borne and altimeter data using Remove-Restore technique will be explained. And the verification of gravimetric geoid and hybrid geoid would be introduced.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.383-390
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• 1999

When a tractor travels slope lands, problems of operator safety and the reduction of job efficiency usually occur. Therefore, maintaining the tractor body being horizontal is critical to improve the security of traveling and the job performance. An experiment was made in a soil bin using the experimental model system built and equipped with a leveling control system. Adaptability of the control system was tested and investigated by analyzing system response in time and frequency domains. Control response time of hydraulic cylinder with 10lpm flow rate on a step input of 10$^{\circ}$slope was about 0.42sec. And it showed a linearly increasing trend without any hunching state. A steady state error of 0.6$^{\circ}$occurred but it was negligible. The hydraulic control system showed a little phase differences within the range of 0.4Hz input frequency. The experimental model showed that implementation of the proposed tractor control system to on slope lands tractor was feasible.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 1983

영남지역(嶺南地域)의 경지정리실태와 경지정리(耕地整理)에 따른 답토양의 이화학적 특성(特性) 변화정도를 알기 위하여 경지정리사업(耕地整理事業)이 실시(1979~1980)된 33개(個) 시군(市郡)의 68개(個) 사업지구에 대한 설문조사(設問調査)와 아울러 1981년도(年度)에 경지정리(耕地整理)를 실시한 29개(個) 시군(市郡)의 37개(個) 사업지구 3,300ha에 대하여 절토답(切土畓)과 무절토답(無切土畓)의 이화학적 특성(特性)과 수량조사(收量調査)를 실시한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 설문조사결과(設問調査結果) 농민(農民)들의 대부분(大部分)이 경지정리(耕地整理)에 의(依)한 기반조성효과를 인정(認定)(70.3%)하고 있으나 경지정리후(耕地整理後)의 지력감퇴(地力減退)(27.2%), 지균작업부충분(地均作業不充分)(60.7%), 농민(農民)의 경비부담과중 및 공기지연(工期遲延)에 의(依)한 이앙지연초내(移秧遲延招來) 등(等)이 문제점(問題点)으로 나타났다. 2. 절토비율(切土比率)은 평탄지(平坦地)에서는 15.3%에 불과(不過)하지만 완경사지(緩傾斜地)나 경사지(傾斜地)에서 각각(各各) 25.9% 및 45%로서 경사도(傾斜度)가 높을수록 절토비율(切土比率)이 증가되었다. 3. 절토지(切土地)는 무절토지(無切土地)에 비(比)하여 경도(硬度) 및 가비중(假比重) 증가, 공극량(孔隙量)과 입단량감소(粒團量減少) 등(等)의 물리성(物理性) 악화(惡化)가 현저(顯著)하였다. 4. 지형별(地形別) 물리성(物理性)의 악화정도(惡化程度)는 홍적태지(洪積台地), 경사지(傾斜地)에서 큰 반면(反面)에 평탄지(平坦地)에서는 적었다. 5. 화학적특성변화는 절토지(切土地)가 무절토지(無切土地)에 비(比)하여 유기물(有機物) 및 유효인산의 함량(含量)이 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)되었으나 규산(珪酸) 및 석회함량(石灰含量)은 증가되었다. 6. 경지정리답(耕地整理畓)의 절토지(切土地)는 지역내(地域內)의 무절사지(無切士地)에 비(比)하여 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)의 전반적(全般的)인 감소(減少)로 약(約) 28% 감수(減收)되었다.