• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ground subsidence and land-creeping in four mining areas in Korea. Land creeping were occurred by large-scale sinkholes and tensile cracks in the mining areas. This ares showed the shape as large-scale landslides by the collapsed stone debris pushed in the direction of gravity. The rock type in the No. 4 survey area was sandstone and shale, whereas that of other three areas was limestone. The limestone was generally vulnerable to land creeping. The ground subsidence and land creeping in four mining areas were located near the ridge of the mountain. The land creeping by ground subsidence in the mining areas showed complex shapes due to the cavity of underground tunnel and the colluvial debris by gravity in the mountain area, whereas the land creeping in Korea are in the shape of landslide. The average slope of the mining area was ranged from $30.4^{\circ}$ to $33.7^{\circ}$. The values were higher ($1.5^{\circ}{\sim}4.8^{\circ}$) than the average slopes for landslide areas.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.2 s.30
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• pp.57-74
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• 2002

This study aims at examining the change of the urban space of the original Masan Area during the Japanese-forced colonial era of Korea(1910-1945) after circa 1912. That year is very important because the modern map of land was introduced. The land area of the original Masan was about $17,000m^2$ composed of small houses and shops. Colonial era could be divided into 3 periods according to the change of colonial policies. And the change of the urban space is examined according to these 3 periods. During the 1st period(1911-1920) the following 3 development occurred. 1. Land was reclaimed along the coast line by a Japanese civilian named 'Bakgan'. And his ownership of land continued until 1945. 2. A government ware house(Cho-Chang), which was the symbol of Masan harbor, was demolished and the land was divided into small lots. 3. Main artery and trunk roads(14-15m wide) were built replacing 2-3m wide narrow roads and connected to the reclamation land. During the 2nd period(1921-1930), also land reclamation and road making was more frequently carried out. And the infrastructure of the city was developed gradually. Also public buildings began to be built. Modern roads were constructed city-wide not only in the center of the city. In the 3rd period reclamation was at its peak. Especially Sinpo-Dong area located at the middle of New and original parts of Masan was reclaimed connecting 2 parts and making of a central Masan. During that time original Masan was enlarged because of reclamation. The coast line of Masan became straight from e original organic shape. Roads were constructed in the outskirts also. The size of land lots were more or less the same during the colonial era. But gradually lots were divided into smaller lots. Japanese entrepreneurs gradually occupied the central area of the original Masan until the liberation day. But Chinese ownership of land gradually diminished.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.724-737
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• 2011

The goal of solving a contiguous land acquisition problem is to find an optimal cluster of land parcels so that one can move from an acquired parcel to another without leaving the cluster. In many urban and regional planning applications, criteria such as acquisition cost and compactness of acquired parcels are important. Recent research has demonstrated that spatial contiguity can be formulated in a mixed integer programming framework. Spatial compactness, however, is typically formulated in an approximate manner using parameters such as external border length or other shape indices of acquired land parcels. This paper first develops an alternative measure of spatial compactness utilizing the characteristics of the internal structure of a contiguous set of land parcels and then incorporates this new measure into a mixed integer program of contiguous land acquisition problems. A set of computational experiments are designed to demonstrate the use of our model in a land acquisition context.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.169-184
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• 2011

The following research of the road network of Jeju-Eupseong during Daehan Empire period has a twofold purpose: to study some characteristics of the road network at that time; and, to restore it to the original form of that period before a newly constructed road, called Shinjakro, has been established. As an attempt to trace the old shape of Jeju-Eupseong, this study analyzed some historical factors based on the first land cadastral map which was made in 1914, including outskirts of Jeju-Eupseong; such as castle itself, castle gate, road, bridge, lots of land, etc. Then this study also tried to restore the old road network of Jeju-Eupseong, through finding the original land-lot shape in the land cadastral map. There was five Shinjakro made between 1914 and 1917. The road network before then was composed of the double east-west axes and the single north-south axis. These axes was connected to some important place of the inside of Jeju-Eupseong; such as castle gates, fountains, Gaek-sa, etc. There were many branch lines between these main axes at about 80-120m intervals. Also there was an outer road along the outer wall of castle, connected with each castle gates. Especially, the north-west axis was the baseline which divided into two large parts, a government office area and non-government area (housing and commercial street for the people). Finally, this paper examines that the road network of Jeju-Eupseong was the true result for the efficient function of the city, especially considering natural geographical conditions and environment of living of that time.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is particle shape evaluation of aggregate using Digital Image Process(DIP). DIP is very useful to measure the roughness and particle shape of aggregates. Couple of aggregates, like standard sand, two different crushed stones, and two different marine aggregates, have been employed. Shape factors of two different marine aggregates are ranged 0.35 to 0.54. Crushed stone I is 0.74 which is highly flat, but standard sand is elongated shape. Especially, two marine aggregate showed a big difference of width and length which meaned a long shape. There is any significant difference of elongation ratio and flatness for each aggregate with different measuring system, like direct measurement of vernier calipers and DIP method. Shape conversion coefficient and equivalent diameter for changing 2D image to 3D image by the Digital Image Process(DIP) have been suggested and modified particle size distribution curve has been showed. The measured flatness ratios of each aggregate were 0.30, 0.36, 0.47 and 0.83, respectively. Also, the conversion shape coefficients of each aggregate were determinded as 0.77, 0.78, 0.84 and 0.92. The size of aggregate has been modified by multiplying the shape conversion coefficient and the aggregate size from DIP. The modified gradation curve with modified volume and weight of aggregate has been suggested. Within the limited test results, DIP is one of useful to get the particle shape of aggregate with limitation of measuring errors and to apply the particle distribution curve.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.110-122
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• 2012

This study examined the benthic diatom community distribution, land cover/use and water quality in relation to stream shape complexity (SSC) in the Seom River watershed. SSC showed a significant relation to the riparian land cover/use pattern and also water quality variables of the studied streams. Streams with high stream shape complexity (HSC) appeared to have a high proportion of forest and farmland, while streams having a low stream shape complexity (LSC) appeared to have high proportion of city. Streams with lower SSC showed higher nutrients concentration in the stream waters. Benthic diatom species composition and dominant species appeared to be similar regardless of SSC differences among the studied streams, while the variation of diatom density was manifested with SSC. The relative abundance of dominant benthic diatoms varied with SSC. Saprophilic diatoms were dominant in the streams of LSC, while saproxenic diatoms were dominant in the streams of HSC. During the evaluation of biological water quality using the benthic diatom indices, Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Diatom Assemblage Index to organic water pollution (DAIpo), the streams of LSC generally showed poorer water quality than those of MSC (Middle stream shape complexity) and HSC. In particular, BOD, TP, and $PO_4$-P showed significant relationships with DAIpo. In conclusion, shape complexity of streams in the Seom River watershed showed a close relation with benthic diatom distribution. This relation seemed to primarily be resulted from the effect of proximate factors, such as water quality, which might be affected by the land use types determining the degree of SSC.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

A land cover map provides basic information to help understand the current state of a region, but its utilization in the ecological research field has deteriorated due to limited temporal and spatial resolutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using a land cover map with data based on high resolution images acquired by UAV. Using the UAV, 10.5 cm orthoimages were obtained from the $2.5km^2$ study area, and land cover maps were obtained from object-based and pixel-based classification for comparison and analysis. From accuracy verification, classification accuracy was shown to be high, with a Kappa of 0.77 for the pixel-based classification and a Kappa of 0.82 for the object-based classification. The overall area ratios were similar, and good classification results were found in grasslands and wetlands. The optimal image segmentation weights for object-based classification were Scale=150, Shape=0.5, Compactness=0.5, and Color=1. Scale was the most influential factor in the weight selection process. Compared with the pixel-based classification, the object-based classification provides results that are easy to read because there is a clear boundary between objects. Compared with the land cover map from the Ministry of Environment (subdivision), it was effective for natural areas (forests, grasslands, wetlands, etc.) but not developed areas (roads, buildings, etc.). The application of an object-based classification method for land cover using UAV images can contribute to the field of ecological research with its advantages of rapidly updated data, good accuracy, and economical efficiency.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2012

In this paper, a new land preview system using laser range finder based on heave estimation algorithm is proposed. The proposed land preview system is an equipment which measures the shape of forward topography for autonomous vehicle. To implement this land preview system, the laser range finder is generally used because of its wide measuring range and robustness under various environmental condition. Then the current location of the vehicle has to be known to generate the shape of forward topography and sensors based on acceleration such as IMU and accelerometer are generally utilized to measure heave motion in the conventional land preview system. However the drawback to these sensors is that they are too expensive for low-cost vehicle such as mobile robot and their measurement error is increased for mobile robot with abrupt acceleration. In order to overcome this drawback, an algorithm that estimates heave motion using the information of odometer and previously measured topography is proposed in this paper. The proposed land preview system based on the heave estimation algorithm is verified through simulation and experiments for various terrain using a simulator and a real system.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 1997

A histochemical and ultrastructural study on the stomach epithelium of a land snail Nesiohelix samarangae was carried out during the period of June 1996 to May 1997. The stomach epithelium is simple columnar dpithelium and is consisted of three types of columnar cells, Type 1 cell which is majority in number has a brush border with microvilli on the free surface of the cell and contains numerous secretory granules supposed to be neutral mucopolysaccharide. Type 2 cell, elongated conical in shape. is rarely found in the dpithelium. This cell also has a brush border with microvilli on its free surface and contains well developed rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and secretory granules in various electron densities. This cell seems to produce both of acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Type 3 cell, which is morphologically similar to the Type 1 cell, has microvili and cilia on the free surface and exists in group only in the limited regions of the stomach.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.773-783
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• 2008

In this paper, data collected from 22 different rural watersheds during stormflow conditions were analyzed. Those watersheds consisted of forest and cultivated land. EMC data analysis indicates that as agricultural land use increases, EMC values of TSS, COD and TN clearly tends to increase, but TP does not show a significant increase. Pattern of the pollutographs mostly has a similarity in hydrograph shape except nitrogen which inherently shows a variability and complication. The fraction of soluble reactive-P to TP increases as cultivated land use increases while mobile-nitrogen portion was higher in the runoff from forested watersheds than agricultural areas. During stormflow, pollutograph of the nitrogen was determined mainly by change in Particle-TKN as other pollutants but its effect is thought to be masked by decrease of dissolved form of nitrogen due to the dilution.