• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.131-147
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• 2019

On the urban scale, Micro-climate analysis models for urban scale have been developed to investigate the atmospheric characteristics in urban surface in detail and to predict the micro-climate change due to the changes in urban structure. BioCAS (Biometeorological Climate Impact Assessment System) is a system that combines such analysis models and has been implemented internally in the Korea Meteorological Administration. One of role in this system is the analysis of the health impact by heat waves in urban area. In this study, the vegetation cooling models A and B were developed and linked with BioCAS and evaluated by the temperature drop at the vegetation areas during ten selected heat-wave days. Smaller prediction errors were found as a result of applying the vegetation cooling models to the heat-wave days. In addition, it was found that the effects of the vegetation cooling models produced different results according to the distribution of vegetation area in land cover near each observation site - the improvement of the model performance on temperature analysis was different according to land use at each location. The model A was better fitted where the surrounding vegetation ratio was 50% or more, whereas the model B was better where the vegetation ratio was less than 50% (higher building and impervious areas). Through this study, it should be possible to select an appropriate vegetation cooling model according to its fraction coverage so that the temperature analysis around built-up areas would be improved.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.299-314
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• 2016

The aim of this paper is to review integrated assessment studies conducted to address the impacts of climate change sea-level rise on agricultural sector and to derive suggestions for improving the integrated assessment process to assist decision-makers in establishing climate change adaptation policy. We collect integrated assessment studies which are based on the impact-pathway analysis, compare their step-by-step procedures and identify main factors addressed in each step. The assessment process is typically carried out in the sequence of scenario development, determination of assessment scope, physical impact assessment, economic analysis and synthesis of the outcomes from each step. We identify two types of integrated assessment. The first one examines the impacts of changes in temperature and/or precipitation on the crop-cultivation patterns and/or agricultural productivity and resulting economic effects on agricultural sector. The other investigates the impacts of sea-level rise on land use/coverage and resulting economic damages in terms of land-value loss where the effects on agriculture is treated as one sector among others. To enhance integrated assessment, we suggest that 1) scenarios need to incorporate the effects of climate change and sea-level rise simultaneously, 2) scope of the assessment needs to be extended to include ecosystem services as well as crop production, 3) social and cultural aspects need to be considered in addition to economic analysis, and 4) synthesis of the outcomes from each step should be able to combine quantitative as well as qualitative information.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

New Zealand is a hydrologically diverse and active country. This paper presents an overview of the major hydrological issues and problems facing New Zealand and provides examples of some the research being undertaken to solve the problems. Fundamental to any environmental decision making is the provision of good quality hydrometric data. Reduced funding for the national hydrometric network has meant a reduction in the number of monitoring sites, the decision on how to redesign the network was made using information on geographic coverage and importance of each site. New Zealand faces a major problem in understanding the impacts of rapid land use change on water quantity and quality. On top of the land use change is overlain the issue of agricultural intensification. The transfer of knowledge about impacts of change at the small watershed scale to much larger, more complex watersheds is one that is attracting considerable research attention. There is a large amount of research currently being undertaken to understand the processes of water and nutrient movement through the vadose zone into groundwater and therefore understanding the time taken for leached nutrients to reach receiving water bodies. The largest water management issue of the past 5 years has been based around fair and equitable water allocation when there is increasing demand for irrigation water. Apart from policy research into market trading for water there has been research into water storage and transfer options and improving irrigation efficiency. The final water management issue discussed concerns the impacts of hydrological extremes (floods and droughts). This is of particular concern with predictions of climate change for New Zealand suggesting increased hydrological extremes. Research work has concentrated on producing predictive models. These have been both detailed inundation models using high quality LIDAR data and also flood models for the whole country based on a newly interpolated grid network of rainfall.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.65-81
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• 2023

In recent times, there has been a surge in media coverage regarding fraudulent real estate lease scams. These scams have been attributed to speculators who made imprudent gap investments, in response to the sudden decline in real estate prices. The government has established new measures to safeguard tenants and prevent fraudulent real estate lease schemes in response to the growing incidence of tenants falling victim to such scams. Although there have been active research efforts on laws and regulations aimed at protecting tenants, such as the Tenant Protection Act and leasehold registration orders, there is an urgent need for research on the consistency of information across public ledgers, as real estate fraud has surged due to information asymmetry among these ledgers. This study aims to explore matching methodologies using matching keys for building information from real estate-related public ledgers, such as the building register and the road name address ledger, as well as to examine ways to integrate these ledgers with other public ledgers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.125-125
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• 2020

European Space Agency's Sentinel-1 has an improved spatial and temporal resolution, as compared to previous satellite data such as Envisat Advanced SAR (ASAR) or Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). Thus, the assumption used for low-resolution retrieval algorithms used by ENVISAT ASAR or ASCAT is not applicable to Sentinel-1, because a higher degree of land surface heterogeneity should be considered for retrieval. The assumption of homogeneity over land surface is not valid any more. In this study, considering that soil roughness is one of the key parameters sensitive to soil moisture retrievals, various approaches are discussed. First, soil roughness is spatially inverted from Sentinel-1 backscattering over Yanco sites in Australia. Based upon this, Artificial Neural Networks data (feedforward multiplayer perception, MLP, Levenberg-Marquadt algorithm) are compared with Fractal approach (brownian fractal, Hurst exponent of 0.5). When using ANNs, training data are achieved from theoretical forward scattering models, Integral Equation Model (IEM). and Sentinel-1 measurements. The network is trained by 20 neurons and one hidden layer, and one input layer. On the other hand, fractal surface roughness is generated by fitting 1D power spectrum model with roughness spectra. Fractal roughness profile is produced by a stochastic process describing probability between two points, and Hurst exponent, as well as rms heights (a standard deviation of surface height). Main interest of this study is to estimate a spatial variability of roughness without the need of local measurements. This non-local approach is significant, because we operationally have to be independent from local stations, due to its few spatial coverage at the global level. More fundamentally, SAR roughness is much different from local measurements, Remote sensing data are influenced by incidence angle, large scale topography, or a mixing regime of sensors, although probe deployed in the field indicate point data. Finally, demerit and merit of these approaches will be discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2024

Precipitation is an important component of the hydrological cycle and a key input parameter for many applications in hydrology, climatology, meteorology, and weather forecasting research. Grid-based satellite rainfall products with wide spatial coverage and easy accessibility are well recognized as a supplement to ground-based observations for various hydrological applications. The error properties of satellite rainfall products vary as a function of rainfall intensity, climate region, altitude, and land surface conditions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the commonly used new global grid-based satellite rainfall product, Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), using data collected at different spatial and temporal scales. Additionally, in this study, grid-based CHIRPS satellite precipitation data were used to evaluate the 2022 extreme drought. CHIRPS provides high-resolution precipitation data at 5 km and offers reliable global data through the correction of ground-based observations. A frequency analysis was performed to determine the precipitation deficit in 2022. As a result of comparing droughts in 2015, 2017, and 2022, it was found that May 2022 had a drought frequency of more than 500 years. The 1-month SPI in May 2022 indicated a severe drought with an average value of -1.8, while the 3-month SPI showed a moderate drought with an average value of 0.6. The extreme drought experienced in South Korea in 2022 was evident in the 1-month SPI. Both CHIRPS precipitation data and observations from weather stations depicted similar trends. Based on these results, it is concluded that CHIRPS can be used as fundamental data for drought evaluation and monitoring in unmeasured areas of precipitation.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2015

This study defined and classified no-net-loss-of-greenness (NNLG) based on the law, and then assessed the NNLG index by metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea after estimating NNLG evaluation indicators for the introduction of NNLG for health improvement of urban ecosystems. The results are as follows. First, NNLG was the comprehensive meaning that was included in the greenbelt and park greenbelt and the green area which was defined by the Act on Urban Parks, Greenbelts, etc. and the National Land Planning and Utilization Act respectively. Second, NNLG was classified as a park greenbelt which was included urban parks and greenbelts such as buffer greenbelts, scenic greenbelts, and connecting greenbelts, green areas which was included in green conservation areas, green production areas, green natural areas, and green coverage which is included forests, grasslands, and wetlands that were occupied by vegetation such as trees, shrubs, and plants. Third, NNLG index by cities and provinces was assessed based on the estimation of NNLG evaluation indicators, which included parks and greenbelt areas per capita, green areas per capita, green coverage per capita, ratio of parks and greenbelts, ratio of green areas, and ratio of green coverage. As a result, Sejong city got the highest point of NNLG index and Seoul and Daegu got lowest points of NNLG index among metropolitan cities in Korea. Chungbuk got the highest point of NNLG index and Kyonggi and Jeju got lowest points of NNLG index among provinces in Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.290-301
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• 2017

Background: Forest edges create distinctive ecological space as adjacent constituents, which distinguish between different ecosystems or land use types. These edges are made by anthropogenic or natural disturbance and affects both abiotic and biotic factors gradually. This study was carried out to assess edge effects on disturbed landscape at the pine-dominated clear-cut area in a genetic resources reserve in Uljin-gun, eastern Korea. This study aims to estimate the distance of edge influence by analyzing changes of abiotic and biotic factors along the distance from forest edge. Further, we recommend forest management strategy for sustaining healthy forest landscapes by reducing effects of deforestation. Results: Distance of edge effect based on the abiotic factors varied from 8.2 to 33.0 m. The distances were the longest in $Mg^{2+}$ content and total nitrogen, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ contents, canopy openness, light intensity, air humidity, $Na^+$ content, and soil temperature followed. The result based on biotic factors varied from 6.8 to 29.5 m, coverage of tree species in the herb layer showed the longest distance and coverage of shrub plant in the herb layer, evenness, species diversity, total coverage of herb layer, and species richness followed. As the result of calculation of edge effect by synthesizing 26 factors measured in this study, the effect was shown from 11.0 m of the forest interior to 22.4 m of the open space. In the result of stand ordination, Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii, and Fraxinus sieboldiana dominated arrangement of forest interior sites and Quercus mongolica, Vitis amurensis, and Rubus crataegifolius dominated spatial distribution of the open area plots. Conclusions: Forest interior habitat lies within the influence of both abiotic and biotic edge effects. Therefore, we need a forest management strategy to sustain the stability of the plant and further animal communities that depend on its stable conditions. For protecting forest interior, we recommend selective logging as a harvesting method for minimizing edge effects by anthropogenic disturbance. In fact, it was known that selective logging contributes to control light availability and wind regime, which are key factors affecting microclimate. In addition, ecological restoration applying protective planting for the remaining forest in the clear-cut area could contribute to prevent continuous disturbance in forest interior.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.100-116
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• 2019

Urban green spaces, as a means to mitigate social problems and environmental risks, are getting more attention in evaluating urban environment. The inequity of green space distribution is becoming a major issue in urban planning and management. This study investigated the characteristics of green space in 3 districts (Jung-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Seongdong-gu), that are composed of 46 administrative divisions in central Seoul, to analyze the environmental equity of urban green spaces. The correlations between the amount of green space, including the coverage of street trees, and the socioeconomic status of each administrative division were analyzed. To deduce the effects of plant coverage on the urban temperature regime, the relationship between the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) was analyzed. The research revealed that the mean NDVI of an administrative division was negatively correlated with the percentage of basic living recipients and disabled people. The LST of a division with low NDVI was higher due to the lack of green coverage. Such environmental inequities were closely related to residential building type, which was strongly affected by the economic status of residents. The LST of an apartment area was $2.0^{\circ}C$ lower than that of single-family houses and multi-housing areas. This is expected as the average NDVI of the apartment area was more than twice as high as the other environments considered in this study. The inequity can be exacerbated without urban planning which is deliberately designed to reduce it.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2010

This study investigated the environmental indices in environmental administration, and to presents how to develop a sustainable environmental evaluation index. The index should be used to evaluate composite plans in the environmental aspects as well as means for setting goals of basic plans for the environment and its management. Specifically, the goals of composite plans are to check environments and land use frame, and evaluate individual measures (public projects). Environment policies are required to be 'a policy creating a clean environment' from 'a policy of environment regulation'. For the organization of a basic framework of environment policies, five topics are needed to be considered, such as the clarification of the idea of environment, establishment of environment regulations, environment management plan, plan to support civilian's action, and local government's efforts for the global matters of environment. For the amenity environments, people should expand their environmental behavior based on their voluntary intentions in transformation of personal life styles, projects with less load on the environment, development of environmentally-friendly projects with consideration for their impact on the earth. This study suggests that they should put more efforts into the development and implementation of useful environmental indices which effectively analyse the regional character to protect the natural ecology and create an sustainable environment with wide coverage.