• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 2024

This study evaluates the performance of remote photoplethysmography (rPPG)-based oxygen saturation (SpO2) estimation across different face areas. The information in the red and green channels is extracted through spatial averaging on the detected area, followed by detrending, min-max normalization, and low-pass filtering are performed. Finally, SpO2 is estimated using the Ratio of Ratios method based on Beer-Lambert law. Using the PURE dataset, SpO2 estimation accuracy was evaluated with mean absolute error (MAE). Experimental results showed the entire face provided the highest accuracy, followed by the forehead, left cheek, right cheek, and lips.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.276-290
• /
• 2024

A study of the transition from transitory state to steady state in DSSCs based on natural dyes is presented; cochineal was used as dye and Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ were the ions added to the electrolyte. The photocurrent profiles were obtained as a function of time. Several DSSCs were prepared with different cations and their role and the transitory-to-steady transition was determined. A novel hybrid charge carrier source model based on the Heaviside function H(t) and the Lambert-Beer law, was developed and applied to analysis of the transient response of the output photocurrent. Additionally, the maximum effective light absorption coefficient α and the electronic extraction rate κ for each ion were determined: ${\alpha}_{Li^+,Na^+,K^+}\,=\,(0.486,\,0.00085,\,0.1126)\,cm^{-1}$, and also the electronic extraction rate ${\kappa}^{Li^+,Na^+,K^+}_{ext.}\,=\,(1410,\,19.07,\,19.69)\,cm\,s^{-1}$. The impedance model using Fick's second law was developed for carrier recombination to characterize the photocurrent.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 2005

Mask manufacturing is a high COC and COO process in developing of semiconductor devices because of mask production tool with high resolution. Direct writing has been thought to be the one of the patterning method to cope with development or small-lot production of the device. This study consists two categories. One is the additional process of the direct and maskless patterning generation using SLA for easy and convenient application and the other is a removal process using wet-etching process. In this study, cured status of epoxy pattern is most important parameter because of the beer-lambert law according to the diffusion of UV light. In order to improve the contact force between patterns and substrate, prime process was performed and to remove the semi-cured resin which makes a bad effects to the pattern, spin cleaning process using TPM was also performed. At a removal process, contact force between photo-curable resin as an etching mask and Si wafer is important parameter.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.471-486
• /
• 2011

Various types of strain sensors have been developed and widely used in the field for monitoring the mechanical deformation of structures. However, conventional strain sensors are not suited for measuring large strains associated with impact damage and local crack propagation. In addition, strain sensors are resistive-type transducers, which mean that the sensors require an external electrical or power source. In this study, a gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based polymer composite is proposed for large strain sensing. Fabrication of the composites relies on a novel and simple in situ GNP reduction technique that is performed directly within the elastomeric poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix. First, the reducing and stabilizing capacities of PDMS constituents and mixtures are evaluated via visual observation, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The large strain sensing capacity of the GNP-PDMS thin film is then validated by correlating changes in thin film optical properties (e.g., maximum UV-Vis light absorption) with applied tensile strains. Also, the composite's strain sensing performance (e.g., sensitivity and sensing range) is also characterized with respect to gold chloride concentrations within the PDMS mixture.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.483-488
• /
• 2017

Transition-metal oxide semiconductors have various band gaps. Therefore, many studies have been conducted in various application fields. Among these, methods for the adsorption of organic dyes and utilization of photocatalytic properties have been developed using various metal oxides. In this study, the adsorption and photocatalytic effects of $WO_3$ nanomaterials prepared by hydrothermal synthesis are investigated, with citric acid added in the hydrothermal process as a structure-directing agent. The nanostructures of $WO_3$ are studied using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images. The crystal structure is investigated using X-ray diffraction patterns, and the changes in the dye concentrations adsorbed on $WO_3$ nanorods are measured with a UV-visible absorption spectrophotometer based on Beer-Lambert's law. The methylene blue (MB) dye solution is subjected to acid or base conditions to monitor the change in the maximum adsorption amount in relation to the pH. The maximum adsorption capacity is observed at pH 3. In addition to the dye adsorption, UV irradiation is carried out to investigate the decomposition of the MB dye as a result of photocatalytic effects. Significant photocatalytic properties are observed and compared with the adsorption effects for dye removal.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 1995

크롬도금 용액에 공존하고 있는 Cr(III)와 Cr(VI)의 양을 자외선/가시광선 분광기에 장착한 흐름계 장치를 이용하여 시료당 5분 이내에 두 가지 물질의 양을 동시에 분석하는 방법을 개발하였다. Cr(III)와 Cr(VI)는 각각 580 nm와 440 nm에서 0.05 g/L와 0.005 g/L 이상의 범위에서 Beer-Lambert 법칙에 따르는 특성 ${\lambda}_{max}$를 나타내며, 이 파장들에서의 흡광도는 pH<4의 조건에서는 pH변화에 거의 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서 일반적으로 크롬의 농도가 수 g/L인 후처리 크롬 도금조의 용액을 흐름계의 장치에서 pH=1의 황산 용액으로 묽힌 후, 자외선/가시광선 분광기로 측정하면 Cr(III)와 Cr(VI)의 양 및 총 크롬의 양을 기존의 산화-환원 적정 방법(최소 40분/sample)보다 간편하고 신속정확하게 동시 정량할 수 있었다. 이 장치는 설치 및 사용이 간단하고, 설치 비용이 저렴하므로 많은 도금 산업 현장에서 용이하게 응용할 수 있다.

• 센서학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.258-263
• /
• 2004

In this study, we carried out a basic study for the development of optical transcutaneous $pCO_{2}$ gas sensor and analyzer using non-invasive method. The basic principle of $pCO_{2}$ measurement is adapted Beer lambert's law and embodied the system using NDIR method. This measuring system was composed of a IR lamp, a optical filter, a optical reaction chamber, pyroelectric sensor and a signal process. We measured $EtCO_{2}'s$ concentration in basis step instead of $pCO_{2}$ gas that can collect by inflicting heat in outer skin. We minimize the size of optical reaction chamber which takes up the largest volume, to make the portable sensor. We made optical reaction chamber in Si wafer using MEMS technology and the optical reaction chamber was shortened to 2 mm and we carried out an experiment. When we injected the $EtCO_{2}$ to the inside of the optical reaction chamber, we could confirm change of 4.6 mV. The system response time was within 2 second that is fairly fast.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.2101-2101
• /
• 2001

Near-infrared spectroscopy is now being used in clinical diagnosis as a non-invasive monitor of tissue oxygenation state. However, due to lack of the optical pathlength information within tissues, it is still difficult to quantitate the hemoglobin concentration with present CW techniques. Time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS), which measures temporal profiles of emerging light from tissues, enables to estimate the pathlength distribution within tissues by converting time to distance. Consequently, quantitative measurement of tissue oxygenation is possible by analyzing the data with optical diffusion equation 1) or our Microscopic Beer-Lambert law2). Time-Resolved Spectroscopy System : TRS-1O3) Our TRS-10 system consists of a three-wavelength (759, 797, 833 nm) PLP as pulsed light source, a high speed PMT with high sensitivity and three signal-processing circuits for time-resolved measurement (CFD/TAC, A/D converter and histogram memory). Optical pulse train consisting of 759, 797 and 833nm is generated by PLP at 5㎒ repetition rate and irradiated a sample through a single optical fiber. The diffuse-reflected light from the sample is collected by a bundle fiber and then detected by the PMT for single photon measurement. After being amplified by a following fast amplifier, the electrical signals for each wavelength are picked out by CFD/TAC module. Then, a signal processing circuit integrated the TRS data for each wavelength individually. The simultaneous TRS measurement for three wavelengths achieved without any optical or mechanical switch. Experiment and Results Input and detection fibers of TRS-10 were attached at the human forehead with a fiber separation of 3cm. TRS measurements were continuously performed for about 20 minutes including 2 minutes hyper ventilation. It was observed that the total hemoglobin concentration was decreasing during the hyper ventilation and recovered until 2 minutes after hyper ventilation. On the other hand, the deoxy-hemoglobin concentration began to increase after hyper ventilation and had its peak at around 2 minute later, showing 502 drop from 75% to 60% due to inhibition of breathing by performing hyper ventilation. The results showed that this system might be able to quantitate the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in the human brain.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2016

In order to realize In-line and convenient measurement for solid-gas two phase flows, Light Transmission Fluctuation (LTF) based on the random variation of transmitted light intensity, light scattering theory and cross-correlation method was presented for online measurement of particle size, concentration and velocity. The statistical relationship among transmitted light intensity, particle size and particle number in measurement zone was described by Beer-Lambert Law. Accordingly, the particle size and concentration were determined from the fluctuation signal of transmitted light intensity. Simultaneously, the particle velocity was calculated by cross-correlation analysis of two neighboring light beams. By considering the influence of concentration variation in industrial applications, the improved algorithm based on spectral analysis of transmitted light intensity was proposed to improve measurement accuracy and stability. Therefore, the online measurement system based on LTF was developed and applied to measure pulverized coal in power station and raw material in cement plant. The particle size, concentration and velocity of powder were monitored in real-time. It can provide important references for optimal control, energy saving and emission reduction of energy-intensive industries.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.289-298
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 처음으로 차등흡수분광기술(Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, DOAS)를 이용하여 지상관측 기반 태양 직달광 모의복사휘도를 활용하여 신호대잡음비(Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR), 분광분해능(Full Width Half Maximum, FWHM), 오존 연직칼럼농도($O_3$ Vertical Column Density, $O_3$ VCD), 에어로졸 광학두께(Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD), 태양천정각(Solar Zenith Angle, SZA)에 대한 이산화황 연직칼럼농도($SO_2$ Vertical Column Density, $SO_2$ VCD) 산출 불확실성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 산란광 효과를 제외한 Beer-Lambert-Bouguer 법칙에 기반하여 모의복사휘도를 계산하였다. SNR이 650(1300)이며, FWHM = 0.6 nm, AOD = 0.2, $O_3$ VCD = 300DU, $SZA=30^{\circ}$ 동일 조건일 때 산출된 이산화황의 연직칼럼농도와 모의복사휘도 계산 시 입력값으로 활용된 이산화황 연직칼럼농도의 참값을 비교하여 절대백분위오차(Absolute Percentage Difference, APD) 산출 결과 $8.1{\times}10^{15}molecules\;cm^{-2}$ 농도에서 최대 80%(28%), $2.7{\times}10^{16}molecules\;cm^{-2}$ 농도에서 최소 16%(5%)로 나타났다. FWHM이 0.2 nm(1.0 nm)일 때, 이산화황의 연직칼럼농도가 $2.7{\times}10^{16}molecules\;cm^{-2}$과 동일하거나 그 이상에서 APD는 6.4%(29%) 에서 6.2%(10%)로 나타났다. FWHM, SZA, AOD, 오존 연직칼럼농도의 값이 증가할수록 APD가 증가하였다. 그와 반대로 SNR은 값이 증가할수록 APD가 감소하였다. 결과적으로 FWHM과 SZA이 오존 연직칼럼농도와 AOD 보다 이산화황 연직칼럼농도 산출에 크게 영향을 주었다. 이산화황의 연직칼럼농도 산출 불확실성의 증가에 대한 SZA의 효과는 $2.7{\times}10^{16}molecules\;cm^{-2}$보다 높은 이산화황 연직칼럼농도 조건에서 FWHM보다 큰 영향을 주었다.