• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 1997

This study is to suggest some developmental policies by analyzing the activities of first aid party in Kwangju and Chonnam regions for two years from Jan. 1, 1991 to the end of December, 1995. First, the residents in Kwangju and Chonnam regions have the sufficient benefits of emergency medical center, but it will be desirable that general hospital should be established and managed in Kohung peninsula which forms the wide island area far away from big cities. Second, the classification of the degree of severe case in the field by rescue members should be strengthened as the means which can reduce the number of patients transferred to the emergency room and the legal method which rescue members can select the medical agency. Third, children less than 10 are most frequent emergent patients and it is due to parent's indifference and children's in sensibility to safety. So the safely education in the course of infant and elementary education should be strengthened and the method which can keep the self safety through the legal system. Fourth, to increase the rate of emergency measure by rescue members, the reasons of fail of emergency treatment are suggested, the treatment results of each rescue member are analyzed every year and it is desirable that the system which can evaluate the personal ability should be introduced. Fifth, the medical accidents occurred in the case of medical act, by rescue members must lake the legal responsibility, but such a problem can he solved with the compensation of insurance system by government. Sixth, to reduce the time required for transfer, traveling service system for the fixed period in beach should be complemented and extended more and service system at ordinary times should be examined at mountains, the area of traffic jams and large special industrial park. Seventh, since service system with one team of two members of 119 rescue party in expressway cannot be mobilized when multiple accidents occur at the same time, it is considered that service system of two teams of four members should be extended. Eighth, first-aid service in expressway is conducted with rescue and emergency treatment by the rescue party at the same time, but the professional rescue lacks and it may result in the injury of patients. Therefore the creation of rescue party in expressway is the urgent problem.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2019

Korean Trophic State Index ($TSI_{KO}$) was developed in 2006, and was composed of COD ($COD_{Mn}$ based on permanganate method), Chlorophyll a (Chl.a) and total phosphorus (TP). However, $COD_{Mn}$ usually represents only 50-60% of total organic matter in stream or lake water due to low oxidizing power of permanganate. This study investigated the relationship between TOC and $COD_{Mn}$ based on the average data for the whole layer in 81 lakes in Korea, during the period 2013-2017. As a result, $COD_{Mn}$ was found to be 1.54 times more than TOC in 66 of the freshwater lakes and 3 brackish lakes (TOC measured using thermo-oxidation method). TOC was about a quarter of $COD_{Mn}$ in 8 coastal lakes (TOC measured using UV-persulfate oxidation method), and it appeared to be underestimated due to chloride interference. Using the data of 69 lakes with exception of 12 brackish lakes, $TSI_{KO}$(TOC) was developed based on the correlation between TOC and $COD_{Mn}$, while $TSI_{KO}$(COD) was replaced with $TSI_{KO}$(TOC). However, for trophic state assessment of brackish lakes, the $TSI_{KO}$(TOC) can only be utilized in case that TOC is measured through thermo-oxidation method. The determination coefficient of $TSI_{KO}$(Chl) to $TSI_{KO}$(COD) in 66 freshwater lakes and 3 brackish lakes was 0.83, while that to $TSI_{KO}$(TOC) was 0.68. This difference could be attributed to the recalcitrant organic part of TOC.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.165-180
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• 2019

Water quality data of 81 lakes in Korea, 2013 ~ 2017 were analyzed. Most water quality parameters showed left-skewed distribution, while dissolved oxygen showed normal distribution. pH and dissolved oxygen showed a positive correlation with organic matter and nutrients, which appeared to be a nonsense correlation mediated by the algae. The ratio of $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$ to CBOD was 21 % and 52 % in the freshwater lakes, respectively. TOC concentration appeared to be underestimated by the UV digestion method, when salinity exceeds $700{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$. In terms of nitrogen/phosphorus ratio, the limiting factor for algal growth seemed to be phosphorus in most of the lakes. Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ increased acutely with decrease of N/P ratio. However, it seemed to be a nonsense correlation mediated by phosphorus concentration, since the N/P ratio depended on phosphorus. The N/P ratio of brackish lakes was lower than that of the freshwater, at the same concentration of phosphorus. It is worth examining denitrification that occurs, in bottom layer and sediment, during saline stratification. $Chl.{\alpha}$ concentration decreased in the form of a power function with increase of mean depth. The primary reason is that deep lakes are mainly at the less-disturbed upstream. However, it is necessary to investigate the effect of sediment, on water quality in shallow lakes. Light attenuation in the upper layer, was dominated by tripton (non-algal suspended solids) absorption/scattering (average relative contribution of 39 %), followed by CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) (average 37 %) and $Chl.{\alpha}$ (average 21 %).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.4-29
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• 2011

Paleoenvironments of the shell deposit-bearing sequence in the Hasandong Formation at Daesong-ri area, Hadong-gun, Korea, are interpreted on the basis of sedimentary facies and taphonomy of the shell deposits, with a discussion of their stratigraphic implications. A shell deposit-bearing sequence without reddish beds is mostly grayish, and the bedding is laterally extensive. These deposits are interpreted to have been formed in sandflats, mudflats, and shallow lakes generated by flooding on an alluvial plain. The shell deposits are classified into three types according to the occurrence, and the concentration of a single species of Brotiopsis wakinoensis in the shell deposits is deemed to have been attributed to the exclusive inhabitation of the genus Brotiopsis. Type 1 and 2 shell deposits are interpreted to have been fossilized in sandflats and mudflats after death in their habitat of shallow lakes and subsequent transformation by sheetflooding and lake flooding. Type 3 shell deposits are interpreted to have been fossilized in their habitat of shallow lakes during a stabilized period of lake development. The development of the shell deposit-bearing lacustrine sequence in a few tens of meters in thickness in the Hasandong Formation of fluvial deposits is compared to the shift of depositional environments from the Hasandong Formation (fluvial deposits) through the Jinju Formation (lacustrine deposits) to the Chilgok Formation (alluvial plain deposits), which suggests that additional lithostratigraphic classification is needed in the Hasandong Formation. The shell deposits at the study area can provide valuable data to understanding the paleoenvironments during the Early Cretaceous Period of Korea, and should give basic data to evaluate the value of the Cretaceous mollusc deposits in Korea as a geological heritage.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 1968

The Han River was investigated monthly from April through September, 1967 at Chun-chon reservoir, Shin-yean, So-yang, Chung-pyong reservoir, Yang-soo-ri and Gi-doo-won to clarify the phytoplankton and to study its seasonal variation. At the same time, vertical distribution of phytoplankton was also studied from June through September at Chun-chon and Chung-pyong reservoir. The results obtained are as follows: As the environmental conditions, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and transparency were determined. The plankton samples collected from six stations were identified and classified by Engler's classification system. It resulted in 4 phyla, 4 classes, 3 subclasses, 13 orders, 27 families, 5 tribes, 71 genera, 222 species, 1 subspecies, 51 varieties and 2 forms. The total number of phytoplankton identified was 276. Of them, 84 species, 1 subspecies 26 varieties, 2 forms were recorded in this paper for the first time. Considering with the habitat of the total number of phytoplanktons, the highest percentage of Limnoplankton existed in the Chung-pyong reservoir. It suggests that hte Chung-pyong reservoir is becoming to have the character of lake. The planktons appeared commonly during six months at six station belong to Chrysophyta including 22 species in 11 genera. Among these 22 species, Navicula, consists of 6 species, was the most abundant. The number of species identified uniquely at each station were 5 species in the Chun-chon reservoir, 6 in Chung-pyong and Yang-soo-ri, 8 at Shin-yean, 11 at So-yang, and 18 at Gi-doo-won. The number of species occurred at all stations were 29 in spring, 42 in Autumn and during investigation period. The maximum production of total phytoplankton was generally shown in the late spring and the early fall with differences in quantity at six collecting statins. In the Chun-chon reservoir, the high concentration of approximately 1, 190, 000 cells per litter in the months of August and September was due to the increase of Chrysophyte genus, Melosira and the highest concentration of approximately 2, 000, 000 in July at Gi-doo-won was caused Chlorophyte genus, Secenedesmus. The Chun-chon reservoir of three years old was different from the Chung-pyong reservoir of 25 years old with respect to increase in Melosira genus in August and September. After the completion of the Ui-am reservoir, though there was an increase in total density, the number of species of phytoplankton was not changed. It suggests that Ui-am reservoir is similar to the Chun-chon reservoir under the influence of the latter. The density of total phytoplankton was generally high at the depth of 2m to 5m for the two reservoirs.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2020

Cheonji, the largest caldera lake in Asia, is located at the summit of Baekdu Mountain. Cheonji is covered with snow and ice for about six months of the year due to its high altitude and its surrounding environment. Since most of the sources of water are from groundwater, the water temperature is closely related to the volcanic activity. However, in the 2000s, many volcanic activities have been monitored on the mountain. In this study, we analyzed the dimension of ice produced during winter in Baekdu Mountain using Sentinel-1 satellite image data provided by the European Space Agency (ESA). In order to calculate the dimension of ice from the backscatter image of the Sentinel-1 satellite, 20 Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) layers were generated from two polarization images using texture analysis. The method used in calculating the area was utilized with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the GLCM layer which is to calculate the dimension of ice in the image. Also, the calculated area was correlated with temperature data obtained from Samjiyeon weather station. This study could be used as a basis for suggesting an alternative to the new method of calculating the area of ice before using a long-term time series analysis on a full scale.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.7 no.1_2 s.8
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• pp.28-34
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• 1999

The Cretaceous Poongam sedimentary Basin in Kangwon-do, Korea consists alluvial deposits of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones or siltstones, and volcaniclastics. The Poongam Basin was formed as a fault margin sag or a transpressional basin developed along a strike-slip fault zone, and received huge amount of clastic sediments from the adjacent fault-scaip. It formed an aggrading alluvial fan system and a volcaniclast-supplied marginal lake environment, while tectonic activity and volcanism attenuated toward the end of basin formation. Following the Folk's classification, the sandstones of the Poongam Basin are identified as lithic wackes or feldspathic wackes. The areal and sequential variation of the mineral composition in the sandstones is not distinct. The results of K-Ar age dating from the intruding andesites, volcaniclastics and volcanic fragments in sedimentary rocks show a range of 70 Ma to 84 Ma. It suggests that volcarism occurred sequentially within a relatively short period as the pre-, syn-, and post-depositional events. It was the short period in the late Cretaceous that the basin had evolved i.e., the basin formation, the sediment input and fill, and the , intrusion and extrusion of volcanic rocks occurred. The Poongam sedimentary sequence is a typical tectonic-controlled coarse sedimentary facies which is texturally immature.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.343-359
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• 2013

In order to understand shoreline environment characteristics of Korean reservoirs, the interrelationships between environmental factors of geomorphology, hydrology, water quality and shoreline soil were analyzed, and the reservoir types were classified according to their environmental characteristics in the 35 reservoirs selected by considering the purpose of dam operations and annual water-level fluctuations. Geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of reservoirs were correlated with the altitude and the size scale of reservoirs. The annual range of water level fluctuation showed a wide variation from 1 m to 27 m in the various reservoirs in Korea. The levels of eutrophication of most reservoirs were mesotrophic or eutrophic. From the result of the soil texture analysis, sand contents were high in reservoir shorelines. Range, frequency and duration of water-level fluctuation were distinctive from the primary function of reservoirs. Flood control reservoirs had a wide range with low frequency and waterpower generation reservoirs had a narrow range with high frequency in the water-level fluctuation. According to the result of CART (classification and regression tree) analysis, the water quality of reservoirs was classified by water depth, range of water-level fluctuation and altitude. The result of PCA (principal component analysis) showed that the type of reservoirs was classified by reservoir size, water-level fluctuation, water quality, soil texture and soil organic matter. In conclusion, reservoir size, the water-level fluctuation, water quality and soil characteristics might be major factors in the environment of reservoir shorelines in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

Global consumption of fossil fuels continues to increase. As developing countries use fossil fuel as much as the existing fossil fuel using countries, the total amount of fossil fuel consumed has risen. The finite fossil energy depletion insecurity have become serious. In addition, fossil energy is caused by environmental pollution, economic and social problems remain in assignments that need to be addressed. Although solar power is clean and has many benefits, there are several problems in the process of installing a solar power plant. To solve these problems, floating photovoltaic plants has emerged as an alternative. This floating photovoltaic plants location analysis has not been made yet. In this study, the conditions of the floating photovoltaic plants location is analyzed with the Analytic Hierarchy Process using the terrain and climate factors. The score is assigned to the attribute information of each factor by the classification table. After multiplied by the weight the result is analyzed by visualization of the score. As the result, the score of the northen part of Gyeongsangbuk-do province is higher than the southern part of Gyeongsangbuk-do province. Especially Andongho lake in Andong City and the reservoir in Yeongyang-Gun are extracted as the optimal location. The score of the river boundary is low not the center of the river stream. It is expected that this study would be a more accurate floating solar power plant location analysis.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_2
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• pp.1605-1613
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• 2020

The tidal channel is a coastal sedimentary terrain that plays the most important role in the formation and development of tidal flats, and is considered a very important index for understanding and distribution of tidal flat sedimentation/erosion terrain. The purpose of this study is to understand the changes in tidal channels by a period after the opening of the floodgate of the seawall in the reclaimed land of Sihwa Lake using KOMPSAT high-resolution multispectral satellite image data and to evaluate the applicability and efficiency of high-resolution satellite images. KOMPSAT 2 and 3 images were used for extraction of the tidal channels' lineaments in 2009, 2014, and 2019 and were applied to supervised classification method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Artificial Neural Net (ANN), Matched Filtering (MF), and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and band ratio techniques using Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and MF/SAM. For verification, a numerical map of the National Geographic Information Service and Landsat 7 ETM+ image data were utilized. As a result, KOMPSAT data showed great agreement with the verification data compared to the Landsat 7 images for detecting a direction and distribution pattern of the tidal channels. However, it has been confirmed that there will be limitations in identifying the distribution of tidal channels' density and providing meaningful information related to the development of the sedimentary process. This research is expected to present the possibility of utilizing KOMPSAT image-based high-resolution remote exploration as a way of responding to domestic intertidal environmental issues, and to be used as basic research for providing multi-platform-image-based convergent thematic maps and topics.