• International Journal of Railway
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

This paper provides an overview of Pakistan Railways scheduling and rescheduling. First of all, Pakistan Railways is introduced with its brief history and importance in this country. Assets of this network with passengers and freight using this are given. Current hope less situation is leading to privatization of this system as well as promoting short distance traveler to use road and Government efforts to retain is also presented. Train scheduling in Pakistan is being done manually, based on manual time distance graph preparation and resolution of conflicts based on manager's experience and ability. In Real-time management of this traffic Lahore head office is connected with six control stations in the Pakistan, decision for resolution of any disturbance is coordinated among them. It is recommended that computer aided tools must be developed for this system to help traffic managers and it is needed to invest on the segments to increase their speed limits which might attract passengers to use this mode of transportation with high priority.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate governance practices such as (board size, board composition, CEO duality and audit committee) on the performance of selected Pakistani firms. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines corporate governance structure by using the data of 80 non-financial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan during 2010-2014. Hypotheses of the study were tested by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Result - The findings indicate that board size and audit committee is positively related to the firm performance (ROA & ROE). In contrast, board composition and CEO duality are negatively related to the firm performance (ROA & ROE). As far as controlling variables is concerned, leverage is negative, whereas firm size is positively related to all measures of performance. Conclusions - Empirical findings concluded that corporate governance practices affect the firm performance. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should understand the governance mechanisms to work more efficiently in the firm.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제89권4호
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• pp.335-347
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• 2024

This study pioneers the exploration of creep and shrinkage behavior in ambient-cured geopolymer concrete (GPC), a vital yet under-researched area in concrete technology. Focusing on the influence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution concentration, the research utilizes low calcium fly ash (Class-F) and alkaline solutions to prepare two sets of GPC. The results show distinct patterns in compressive strength development and dry shrinkage reduction, with a 14 M NaOH solution demonstrating a 26.5% lower dry shrinkage than the 16 M solution. The creep behavior indicated a high initial strain within the first 7 days, significantly influenced by curing conditions and NaOH concentration. This study contributes to the existing knowledge by providing a deeper understanding of the time-dependent properties of GPC, which is crucial for optimizing its performance in structural applications.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.249-261
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• 2021

To tranquilize the devastating impact of unnecessary risk-taking behavior of banks towards the economy for maximizing their profits that usually arises due to widely known 'moral-hazard' problem originating from market competition and intensified by bank's limited liability, the banking system is strongly monitored across all countries of the world. The goal of controlling would become more feasible if there exist some self-discipline and motivations which could safeguard the banks' charter value through the mechanism of market discipline. Therefore, our study is aimed to scrutinize the relation between market discipline and charter value of local commercial banks that are registered on the Pakistan Stock Exchange by analyzing a balanced panel data from the year 2007 to 2019. Deposit growth, interbank deposits, and subordinate debt are taken as proxies to measure market discipline whereas Tobin's Q theory is applied for calculating the charter value. Generalized Least Square Regression with Fixed Effect Model is used for evaluation. The outcomes reveal that in the existence of control variables, all proxies of market discipline have a significant positive impact on bank charter value. Our research has important policy implications for monitoring and supervising financial intermediaries for their stability and soundness by offsetting the complications of moral-hazard in the financial systems.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.266-292
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• 2021

Vertical growth is viewed as the solution to the problem of urban housing. The present study aims to be multifocal in approaching the phenomenon of apartment living in Lahore, Pakistan. The primary focus of the research was to evaluate the satisfaction with and favorability of vertical living among the dwellers; however, the research was extended to include the in-depth experiences of adolescents regarding privacy because it was observed that this age group was being neglected severely in the distribution of privacy in apartments, as well as in research. The data was first collected from 150 respondents through a survey, and then interviews of 10 adolescents were conducted to explore notion of privacy. The findings highlight that, despite being satisfied with the infrastructural aspects of the building, the residents do not prefer vertical living over horizontal housing. The adolescents in apartments also prefer horizontal housing over vertical living to avoid the feeling of crowdedness that is associated with vertical growth due to shared space and proximity. The utilization of spaces within apartments is associated with certain elements of development of the personality during this age. The findings of the present study can be helpful for sustainable vertical housing policy development and implementation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.203-215
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• 2022

Bayesian Networks are multivariate probabilistic factor graphs that are used to assess underlying factor relationships. From January 2005 to December 2018, the study examines how Dynamic Bayesian Networks can be utilized to estimate portfolio risk and return as well as determine inter-factor relationships among reversal profit-generating components in Pakistan's emerging market (PSX). The goal of this article is to uncover the factors that cause reversal profits in the Pakistani stock market. In visual form, Bayesian networks can generate causal and inferential probabilistic relationships. Investors might update their stock return values in the network simultaneously with fresh market information, resulting in a dynamic shift in portfolio risk distribution across the networks. The findings show that investments in low net profit margin, low investment, and high volatility-based designed portfolios yield the biggest dynamical reversal profits. The main triggering aspects related to generation reversal profits in the Pakistan market, in the long run, are net profit margin, market risk premium, investment, size, and volatility factor. Investors should invest in and build portfolios with small companies that have a low price-to-earnings ratio, small earnings per share, and minimal volatility, according to the most likely explanation.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.778-783
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• 1998

A pointed-group is an ordered pair (G,c) where G is a group and c is a specific element of G. Thus a pointed-group is a group together with a distinguish element. The aim of this paper is to generalize the result proved by R.C. Lyndon in [4], that every nilpotent group variety is finitely based for its laws.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2016

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease that is caused by Toxoplasma gondii in livestock and humans. Due to its medical and veterinary importance, it is essential to study the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among humans and animals in various parts of the world. The major objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants (sheep and goats) of north-eastern region, Pakistan. A total of 1,000 animals comprising of sheep (n=470) and goats (n=530) were examined for T. gondii infection by using ELISA. An epidemiological data was collected in the form of questionnaire. A surface has been generated by using method of interpolation in Arc GIS with the help of IDW (inverse distance weight). The results showed higher seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats (42.8%) as compared to sheep (26.2%). The seroprevalence was higher in females as compared to males in all examined ruminants. Similarly, there is a wide variation in the seroprevalence of T. gondii in different breeds of sheep and goats showing higher seroprevalence in Teddy (52.8%) and Damani breed (34.5%) of goat and sheep's, respectively. The geographical and spatial distribution of T. gondii shows that it is widely distributed in different parts of the north-eastern region of Pakistan. Our results suggest widespread environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts and that small ruminants could be a potentially important source of T. gondii infection if their infected meat is consumed undercooked.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2018

A retrospective study was performed to report the case occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in three hospitals of north-eastern region in Punjab Province, Pakistan. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients in 4 hospitals which were diagnosed with CE during 2012-2017. A total of 198 cases, 82 (41.4%) male and 116 (58.6%) females were detected as CE. The most Highest incidence was revealed in${\ldots}$. 21-30 years-old group (24.2%) followed by 41-50 (22.7%), 31-40 (16.2%), 11-20 (13.6%), 51-60 (8.1%), below 10 (5.5%), over 71 (5.1%) and 61-70 year-old group (4.5%). CE was detected in various organs of infected individuals. However, most of CE cases were detected in the liver (47.4%) and lung (18.6%). The present study indicated that CE is more or less prevalent in surveyed areas and one of the most important public health problems in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6243-6247
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• 2015

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is a more common endocrine malignancy in females and is a major cause of death in developing countries. Therefore the aim of this study was to explore possible risk factors of thyroid cancer in females of Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This study covered 232 females, including 127 (54.7%) cases and 105 (45.2%) controls, from the INMOL Hospital and Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Different risk factors were explored by the descriptive and inferentially statistics. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for different risk factors were computed using logistic regression. Results: The results showed six risk factors, marital status, family history of thyroid cancer, iodine in the diet, oxidative stress, fast food and fried food, to demonstrate positive significant links to thyroid cancer (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of :2.152, 1.104-4.198; 2.630, 1.416-4.887; 2.391, 1.282-4.458; 4.115, 2.185-7.750; 3.656, 1.851-7.223; 2.357, 1.268-4.382; and 2.360, 1.199-4.643, respectively). Conclusions: The Oxidative stress, marital status, family history of cancer, fast food, use of iodine diet and fried food are the risk factors of thyroid cancer in females.