• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.685-693
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• 1996

A total of 3,610 Ayrshire and 1,711 Jersey cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, $\chi$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Least squares analyses showed possible associations between milk protein phenotypes and lactational production traits. Depending on lactation number, ${\beta}$-casein phenotypes in Ayrshires were associated with milk production ($A^2A^2$ > $A^1A^2$ > $A^1A^1$), and with milk protein content. In the third lactation, Ayrshire cows with ${\beta}$-casein $A^1A^1$ produced milk with 3.43% fat compared to 3.37% fat for ${\beta}$-casein $A^2A^2$. In Ayrshire, $\chi$-casein phenotypes affected the protein content during the three lactations (BB > AB > AA) and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes significantly influenced the milk fat during the first lactation (4.06% for AA and 3.97% for BB). In Jerseys, protein content of milk was influenced by phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein(3.98% for CC v/s 3.86% for BB in the first lactation). In the third lactation, $\chi$-casein AA of Jersey milk contained 5.35% fat compared to 4.82% for phenotype BB. The effects of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes on protein content were apparent in Jerseys during the second lactation with the A variant being superior to the B (4.00% for AA v/s 3.87% for BB).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 1991

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume per day and lactational performance of Korean primiparae(n=9) and multiparae(n=6) from 0.5 month to 5 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method. The human milk volume per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean volume to the 3rd month of lactation was 643m1 for primiparae and 654m1 for multiparae, and it was 647 $\pm$ 182m1 for both of them. The mean volume to the 5th month of lactation was 648m1 for primiparae and 668m1 for multiparae, and it was 658$\pm$186$m\ell$ for both of them. The peak volume was observed at the 1st month of lactation in 8 women of 15 lactating women, that is, 53.3% . The high distributions of the individual mean volume to the 5th month were found 550~650$m\ell$(40.0% ) and 650~750$m\ell$(26.7% ). and 13 women of 15 lactating women(86.6% ) were observed below 750m1. The number of feeding per day was 7.7~9.3 to the 5th month and the mean volume per feeding was 65~101$m\ell$. While the former tended to decreased, the latter increased during lactation. The human milk volume was correlated with the peak volume. but not with maternal age. weight before delivery. maternal height and birth weight. As mentioned above, the human milk volume of Koreans was about 658$\pm$ 186$m\ell$ and 86.6% of it was below 750$m\ell$. So the human milk volume, referred to as 800$m\ell$ in recommended dietary allowances for Koreans might be estimated over real amount. It is necessary to study according to regions. socioeconomic levels. maternal nutritional status and the early stage of lactation.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2011

Incidence of mastitis is highest in dairy cows and it is a leader of all diseases and the economic losses, in dairy farms. The objective of this study is to analyse the incidence of clinical mastitis using the lactation number, lactation month and season of calving. In this study, we used 3,779 lactation data and animal health records collected from 1990 to 2006 at the National Institute of Animal Science. Out of 3,779 cows, a total of 1,721 cows were reported with clinical mastitis, which was 46.3%. The frequency of mastitis increased from 36.9% from first lactation to 56.0% by the fifth lactation. As many as 766 cows (46.9%) showed a recurrence of mastitis after 14 days, apart for two or more and chronic mastitis that were recorded for 657 cows (20.3%). This came to a total of 3,010 cases that had clinical mastitis in the herd for sixteen years. The distribution of incidence of clinical mastitis was highest during the first month of lactation at 24.4%, and it reached to 43.4% by the third month. The incidence of mastitis was even higher for cows in first lactation, showing 28.6% in the first month, and 42.9 percent by third month of lactation. Cows calved during the summer and winter months showed higher rate of incidence with 59.9% and 57.9% within 30 days of lactation, respectively. It is urgently needed to establish a preventative management for heifer cows during their expected first lactation and the clinical specific dry-period management strategies that influence the rate of clinical mastitis during the next lactation. The aim of this study is to present information that might be useful to improve clinical mastitis prevention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to determine optimal lysine requirement of lactating Mong Cai sows and their piglets. An experiment was conducted using 30 Mong Cai sows in a factorial randomized design with 5 dietary total lysine levels (0.60, 0.70, 0.85, 1.0 and 1.15%) for one-week pre-partum and 5 dietary total lysine levels (0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.2%) for lactation diets. Mong Cai sows were about 1 to 2 years old and had an initial body weight of 120 kg (sd = 2.5) after farrowing. Sows were restrictively fed 1.7 kg feed during gestation and were fed ad libitum during lactation. Diets of sows contained about 12% CP during pregnancy and about 14% CP for the lactation period. DE concentration of the diets ranged between 12.5-13.0 MJ of DE. Water was supplied at up to 8 liters per sow per day in a basin. Studied traits were related to both sows and their progeny. Sows were weighed at 107 days of gestation, after farrowing and at weaning. Sow back-fat depth was measured at 110 days of gestation, after farrowing, at 21 days of lactation and at weaning. Number of piglets born, at 24 h after birth, at 21 days of age and at weaning were recorded. Piglets were weighte at birth, at 21 days and at weaning. Supplying lysine one week pre-partum had no effect on the number of piglets born nor litter weight at birth (p = 0.776 and p = 0.224). A positive effect of increasing dietary lysine level during lactation from 0.60 to 1.20% was observed with regard to less sow weight loss, and increased piglet weight at 21 days and at weaning. The level of lysine that resulted in the lowest sow backfat loss and the highest weaned piglet weight was 1.05%; this may be the optimum level of lysine for the diet of lactating Mong Cai sows. At this lysine level, the number of weaned piglets was also highest.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.64-64
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• 1999

The relations between micorfloral compositions and environmental factors of 32 Korean infants were sought through statistical analysis after examination of fecal bacterial and questions to their mothers about feeding experiences at three different times for each subjects, about one week after birth, before weaning (2-3 months after birth), and after weaning 95-7 months after birth). The majority of mothers fed their infants cereal foods after the age of 4 months and began weaning with fruit juice and commercial weaning foods. Defection frequencies and fecal pH of infants decreased significantly during the examination period and 37.5% of total infants in fecal samples increased significantly during the examination period, which means that the kinds of bacterial genera increase with aging of infants. Frequencies of streptococci were significantly higher in infants fed delivered by Caesarian section than infants delivered naturally. Frequencies of clostridia were significantly higher in infants fed with cereal food before 4 months of age than after 5 months. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher frequencies of veillonella at about 1 week old. They also showed significantly higher frequencies of clostridia before weaning than the infant fed with no probiotics, but significantly lower frequencies of C. perfringens before weaning. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher number of streptococci at the age of about 1 week and significantly higher numbers of total aerobes before weaning, but significantly lower numbers of bacteroides after weaning than their counter parts. The fecal pH was directly proportional to the number of clostridia, klebsiella, and total aerobes at about 1 week after birth, to the number of E. coli before weaning, and to the number of streptococci and clostridia after weaning. Fecal pH had a negative relationship to the total number of anaerobes in 1-week-old infants. The infants that had diarrhea during lactation showed higher frequencies of bacteroides before weaning than those that didn't.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1999

The relations between micorfloral compositions and environmental factors of 32 Korean infants were sought through statistical analysis after examinaton of fecal bacterial and questions to their mothers about feeding experiences at three different times for each subjects, about one week after birth, before weaning (2-3 months after birth), and after weaning 95-7 months after birth). The majority of mothers fed their infants cereal foods after the age of 4 months and began weaning with fruit juice and commercial weaning foods. Defection frequencies and fecal pH of infants decreased significantly during the examination period and 37.5% of total infants in fecal samples increased significantly during the examination period, which means that the kinds of bacterial genera increase with aging of infants. Frequencies of streptococci were significantly higher in infants fed delivered by Caesarian section than infants delived naturally. Frequencies of clostrida were significantly higher in infants fed with cerealfood before 4 months of age than after 5 months. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher frequencies of veillonella at about 1 week old. They also showed significantly higher frequencies of clostridia before weaning than the infant fed with no probiotics, but significantly lower frequencise of C. perfringens before weaning. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher number of streptococci at the age of about 1 week and significantly higher numbers of total aerobes before weaning, but significantly lower numbers of bacteroides after weaning than their counter parts. The fecla pH was directly proportional to the number of clostridia, klebsiella, and total aerobes at about 1 week after birth, to the number of E. coli before weaning, and to the number of streptococci and clostridia after weaning. Fecal pH had a negative relationship to the total number of anaerobes in 1-week-old infants. The infants that had diarrhea during lactation showed higher frequencies of bacteroides before weaning than those that didn't.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.137-156
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of taking herbal medicine for the postpartum lactation. Methods: We searched 9 databases for recent three years, that contained four english, two chinese, one japanese and two korean database from September 17, 2016 to December 31, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible. Measurement of outcome included total curative effective rate, volume of lactation, volume of milk supplement, and serum prolactin concentration. The risk of bias was assessed by two independent authors using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Total 725 of studies was screened, 11 RCTs were finally selected. Number of participants per study ranged from 60 to 257. The treatment group of taking a herbal medicine is effective for improving total curative effective rate, volume of lactation, volume of milk supplement, and serum prolactin concentration compared with control group. Because most of the studies had considerable heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention and comparison for outcome measurement, meta analysis for quantitative analysis was impossible. Conclusions: This studies showed that taking a herbal medicine is effective on increasing volume of lactation and speeding up the start of the first breastfeeding. However, included studies suffered from incomplete reporting, high or unclear risk of bias and substantial heterogeneity between studies. In the Future, further high-quality RCTs are needed to prove effectiveness of herbal medicine for breastfeeding and reduce the risk of bias.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.236-243
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• 2000

A number of developments have occurred over recent years that are being used commercially or have the potential to increase the milk yield and consequently the efficiency of dairy cows. Bovine growth hormone is the most widely known of several attempts that have been made to alter the metabolic endocrinology of dairy cows to increase the rate of milk secretion. The factors affecting the milk yield response to growth hormone, growth hormone-releasing factor, thyroxine and placental lactogen as well as to the immuno-neutralization of somatostatin are briefly considered. Secondly, the recent greater understanding of the mechanism by which the milk yield is increased following more frequent milking, which has resulted from the identification and characterization of the feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL) protein, is reviewed. The identification of this protein provides new avenues of research which may lead to a reduction in the rate of decline in milk yield with advancing lactation or to undiminished milk yields despite a reduction in frequency with which the animals are milked.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

Purpose: To provide basic informations for guidelines of Ginseng usage during lactation. Method: Based on a regulation of scope and preparation of herbal prescriptions by Ministry of health and welfare of Korea, we selected the formulae for postpartum care and disease in 7 Korean Medical Classics. And we searched the number of formulae including Ginseng, dosage and indications of Ginseng in formulae in those books. Results: The range of Ginseng dosage during lactation from medical classics is 1.5-18.75g/day for medical purposes. Indications of Ginseng are lethargy, excessive bleeding, asthma, fever, cold, pain, dizziness, mental disorder, spasm, digestive problem, constipation, diarrhea, urinary incontinence, edema, breast engorgement, lack of breastmilk, breast ulcer, etc. But Ginseng had not been used in the case of stroke, epistaxis, beginning of mastitis, tumor of lower abdomen. Conclusions: Ginseng should be recommended less than 1.5g/d as a nutritional supplement. If breastfeeding woman wants to take Ginseng as a medication or as a tonic, she should consult with a official specialist about proper prescription and dosage instead of risky random medication.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1105-1111
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• 1996

Breast milk production and factors related to milk production were examined by test-weighting method in the part of Kangwon Province longitudinally from 0.5 to 5 months of postpartum. Milk production of total mothers averaged 639, 789, 871, 843, 848 and 851g/day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of postpartum respectively. Mean Milk production of multiparae appeared significantly higher than those of primiparac. The number of feed per day showed decreasing trend from 9.6 to 8.4 during the lactation. Mature milk production had a correlation with transitional milk production and no correlation with infants weight at birth, gestational period and weight gain during pregnancy of mothers. The energy, protein and lipid consumption of total mothers had a positive correlation with breast milk production.