• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.220-224
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• 2003

To test the protective effect of Sophorae Radix (SR) on the damage of cardiac endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen tree radical, Neutral Red (NR), lactate dyhydrogenase (LDH), and c-fos immunopositive cells assay were used in the presence of SR extract. The results of these experiments were obtained as follows ; Cardiac endothelial cells treated with XO/HX showed the cytotoxicity such as a decrease in viability, and increases in LDH activity and c-fos immunopositive cells. Cardiac endothelial cells pretreated with SR extract protected the increase of LDH activity. Alos, cardiac endothelial cells pretreated with SR extract inhibited the increase of c-fos immunopositive cells. These results show that XO/HX induces toxic effects in cultured cardiac endothelial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that SR extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced toxicity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.343-347
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• 2002

In order to darify the neuroprotective effect of Gamibojungikki-tang(GBJIKT) water extract on cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron damaged by glucose Oxidase (GO), NR (Neutral Red) assay and LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of GO. Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons exposed to various concentrations of GO for 8 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. NR/sub 50/ values were 50 mU/ml GO. Cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons in the medium containing various concentration of GO for 8 hours showed increasing of LDH activity. We knew that GO was toxic on cultured spinal sensory neurons. Pretreatment of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours following GO prevented the GO-induced neurotoxicity such as increasing of LDH activity. These results suggest that GO shows toxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons and GBJIKT water extract is highly effective in proecting the neurotoxicity induced by GO.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.703-708
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• 2006

During infection, the common respiratory tract pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae encounters several environmental conditions, such as upper respiratory tract, lung tissue, and blood stream, etc. In this study, we examined the effects of blood on S. pneumoniae protein expression using a combination of highly sensitive 2-dimensional electrophoresis (DE) and MALDI-TOF MS and/or LC/ESI-MS/MS. A comparison of expression profiles between the growth in THY medium and THY supplemented with blood allowed us to identify 7 spots, which increased or decreased two times or more compared with the control group: tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, lactate oxidase, glutamyl-aminopeptidase, L-lactate dehydrogenase, cysteine synthase, ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase, and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. This global approach can provide a better understanding of S. pneumoniae adaptation to its human host and a clue for its pathogenicity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.442-451
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• 2002

In oder to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the formation of bromate ion, which is ozonation by-products of bromine containing natural water. At the same intial pH condition, the increase of pH shown similar trends even if the reaction variables such as temperature and reaction time of ozonation were changed. As pH and temperature were increasing, the bromate concentration was increased but bromine components (HOBr/OBr-) were decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 10. Lipid peroxide content in the kidney was increased by bromate which was ingestion with 0.4g/L for 24 weeks in drinking water. Renal cytosolic enzyme system (XO, AO) of bromate group were significantly increased in comparison with those of normal group. But microsomal enzyme system were not affected. BUN level and urinary ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activity were significantly increased in comparison with those of the normal. But, urinary lactate dehydrogenase activity was not affected. Renal glutathione content of rat was significantly decreased in comparison with those of normal rat given bromate. Renal glutathione S-transferase and ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities were significantly decreased in bromate-treated group, but change in renal glutathione reductase activity was not significantly different from any other experimental group.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.416-423
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• 2010

In this study, the properties and gene expression of the lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozyme were studied in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) - known for their adaptation to the low oxygen environment of the tropics - which were acclimated to acute temperature change ($27{\pm}0.5{\rightarrow}18{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) and dissolved oxygen (DO) change ($6{\pm}1{\rightarrow}18\;ppm$) for 2 hours. The properties of the LDH isozymes were confirmed in the native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot analysis and enzyme activity measurement. Liver- and eye-specific Ldh-C gene were expressed in liver, eye and brain tissues. Through Western blot analysis, the LDH $A_4$ isozyme was shown to have a more cathodal mobility relative to the $B_4$ isozyme. In the liver tissue, the LDH $A_4$ isozyme increased with temperature drop while the $B_4$ isozyme decreased. The LDH $A_4$ and $C_4$ isozymes increased with DO increment, while the $B_4$ isozyme decreased. In the eye tissue, the LDH $A_4$ and B4 isozymse increased with temperature drop while the $B_4$ isozyme decreased. The LDH $A_4$ and $B_4$ isozymes increased with DO increment, but the $C_4$ isozyme and isozymes including the subunit C decreased. In the heart tissue, LDH activity increased with DO increment, as well as the LDH $B_4$ isozyme. In the brain tissue, the LDH $A_4$ and $B_4$ isozymes increased with temperature drop. The LDH $B_4$ isozyme increased with DO increment. Accordingly, since the liver- and eye-specific Ldh-C are influenced by changes in DO and the LDH $B_4$ and $C_4$ isozymes are relatively controlled in the liver and eye tissues, the $C_4$ isozyme can be considered to have a lactate oxidase function.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.397-404
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• 1993

Two strains were isolated from the vinegar of Korean traditional fermented rice wine and the vine gar of fermented persimmon, respectively. These strains, designated as KM and BPV, were identified as the genus Acetobacter with respect to morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. The Isolates oxidized ethanol to acetate and over-oxidized acetate or lactate to CO2 and H2O. They were positive in catalase test, while being negative in oxidase, gelatin liquefaction, VP test, H2O production and indole formation tests. No ${\gamma}$-pyrones ware produced from glucose and fructose. KM was tolerant of 11% ethanol while BPV was relatively sensitive to ethanol at a higher concentration than 5%. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNA of KM and BPV strains were 53.8 and 56.6 mol%, respectively. The cellular fatty acid compositions contained in these isolates were saturated straightchain C14:0 and C16:0,, and unsaturated straight-chain C18:1. Major ubiquinone system of KM was Q-9, but that of BPV was Q-10. In morphophysiological and biochemical aspects, KM strain was similar to Acetobacter pasteurianus. However, BPV strain was different from other Acetobacter type strains.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1983

Red cell glycolytic intermediates, metabolites and metabolic ratios were studied. Glycolytic intermediates were measured in neutralized perchloric acid extracts of red cell suspensions after 3 hr incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ in the presence and absence of saponin. Adenosine triphosphate(ATP), adenosine diphosphate(ADP), pyruvate and lactate were measured by enzymatic procedures involving stoichiometric oxidation or reduction of a pyridine nucleotide. Glucose was determined using glucose oxidase after zinc hydroxide extraction. The redox state was calculated from the lactate dehydrogenase equilibrium. Adenosine triphosphatase activity(ATPase) was measured by determining the amount of phosphate released from ATP by washed erythrocyte membranes(ghost) during 20 min. incubation. Both total hydrolysis and the amount of hydrolysis that occured in the presence of ouabain were measured. The second measurement yields Mg-ATPase and represents nonspecific ATPase activity of the membranes. The difference between total and Mg-ATPase activity can be attributed to Na-K-ATPase. For the measurement of sodium fluxes, human erythrocytes were preincubated in $^{22}Na$ for 3 hr at $37^{\circ}C$, washed and suspended in a tracer-free medium. The amount of $^{22}Na$ transported out of cells at any time was determined by analysis of supernatant samples taken at various time after addition of the labeled cells to isotope-free medium. The cells and medium were separated and the radioactivity appearing in the medium was measured. From the total radioactivity in the suspension and the radioactivity appearing in the medium at known time, the rate constant for sodium release was computed. The results are summarized as follows: 1) ATP and ATP/ADP were found to increase at every concentration of saponin tested whereas ADP declined at every cone. of saponin. The increase in pyruvate and lactate were observed at every cone, of saponin and thus $NAD^+/NADH$ computed from pyruvate/lactate also increased. Glucose utilization was stimulated by saponin. 2) $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$ activities showed a biphasic response to saponin, first increasing in lower concentration and then decreasing in higher concentration of saponin. 3) The efflux of sodium was significantly increased by saponin in the range of 5 to 10 mg%. The stimulatory effect of saponin on the rate constants for active(ouabain-sensitive) sodium efflux was inhibited by addition of ouabain.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2007

Cellulomanas sp. CS 1-1 was studied for its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, together with DNA homology and fatty acid pattern to elucidate its taxonomical position in the species level. Colony morphology of CS1-1 exhibited circular form, opaque, convex, entire edge and pale yellow. Cells were of rod with the size of $0.3{\sim}0.5{\times}0.8{\sim}1.2{\mu}m$, while coryneforms were formed at the early stage of culture. D-ribose, raffinose, rhamnose, acetate, propionate, L-lactate, D-gluconate, aspartate and proline were not utilized as a sole source of carbon, whereas saccharose, arabinose, and amlyose were utilized. Biochemical characteristics of CS1-1 were Gram positive, catalase positive, oxidase negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobic, mesophilic and G+C content of 74.7 mol %. The major fatty acid and menaquinone were 12-methyltetradecanoic acid(anteiso-$C_{15:1}$) and MK-$9(H_4)$, respectively. These results were correspondent with the characteristics reported for member of the genus Cellulomonas. The strain CS 1-1 exhibited a high level of DNA homology as 70% with C. uda ATCC491, compared to those of 54~59% with C. fimi ATCC 15724, 46~48% with C. biazotea, C. gelida and C. bibula. Finally, strain CS1-1 could be classified as a novel species belongs to C. uda.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2011

To clarify the oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium L. (CM) flower extract on the cultured neuroglial cells (C6 glioma) damaged by ROS, cell adhesion effect was measured by colorimetric assay after cultured C6 glioma cells were treated with various concentrations of glucose oxidase (GO) for 5 hours. For the antioxidative effect of CM flower extract, cell adhesion activity (CAA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were assessed against GO-induced cytotoxicity on same cultures. In this study, GO remarkably decreased CAA dose-dependently, and the $XTT_{90}$ and $XTT_{50}$ values were measured at 15 mU/mL and 50 mU/mL following the treatment of C6 glioma cells with 5~60 mU/mL of GO. The CM flower extract significantly increased cell adhesion activity damaged by GO-induced cytotoxicity, and it also showed the SOD-like activity and the decrease of LDH activity. From these results, it is suggested that GO was cytotoxic on cultured C6 glioma cells, and CM flower extract showed antioxidative effects as shown by the increased CAA, SOD-like activity and the decrease of LDH activity on GO-induced cytotoxicity on the same cultures.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 1999

Antioxidative and scavenging effects were investigated by using two hyaroxycinnamic acids (caffeetannins). such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, on oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity that induced by paraquat. The results are summerized as follows: 1. To assess radical scavenging ability, reduction concentration (IC$\sub$50/) of 1.1 diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazine (DPPH) were measured. IC$\sub$50/ values of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid were 29.7 ${\pm}$0.6 ${\mu}$M and 26.0${\pm}$0.5 ${\mu}$M respectively. Their radical scavenging activities showed concentration-dependent manner. 2. In H$_2$O$_2$-induced hemolysis assay to rat blood, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid led to different effects, whose hemolysis inhibition ratios at 100 ${\mu}$M were 45.2${\pm}$7.1% and 11.6${\pm}$3.1% respectively 3. In hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system producing superoxide anion, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid showed different inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase showing 36.8${\pm}$4.3% and 5.4${\pm}$2.3% respectively. 4. To microsomal NADPH dependent cytochrome p-450 reductase in rat liver, paraquat consumed NADPH at a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 1 ${\mu}$M paraquat concentration. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid blocked NADPH consumption rates at concentration-dependent manner and inhibition ratios at 100 ${\mu}$M were 67.6% and 59.2% respectively. 5. Administration (30mg/kg, iv) of paraquat to rats caused the marked elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lipid peroxides (LPO) in the serum and lipid peroxides in the microsome as compared to the control group. Serum GOT, GPT, LDH, ALP and LPO and liver microsomal LPO were reduced significantly by caffeic acid (50mg/kg), chlorogenic acid (25mg/kg) and silymarin (150 mg/kg) as compared to the paraquat group. From these results, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid exerted their antioxidative agents by removing reactive oxygen substance (ROS) and scavenging effects by inhibiting ROS generating enzyme. As a general, two hydroxyeinnamic acids showed the useful compounds for scavenger and reducer on the paraquat induced hepatotoxicity.