• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.343-347
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• 2002

In order to darify the neuroprotective effect of Gamibojungikki-tang(GBJIKT) water extract on cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron damaged by glucose Oxidase (GO), NR (Neutral Red) assay and LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal sensory neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of GO. Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons exposed to various concentrations of GO for 8 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. NR/sub 50/ values were 50 mU/ml GO. Cultured mouse spinal sensory neurons in the medium containing various concentration of GO for 8 hours showed increasing of LDH activity. We knew that GO was toxic on cultured spinal sensory neurons. Pretreatment of GBJIKT water extract for 3 hours following GO prevented the GO-induced neurotoxicity such as increasing of LDH activity. These results suggest that GO shows toxic effect on cultured spinal sensory neurons and GBJIKT water extract is highly effective in proecting the neurotoxicity induced by GO.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2011

Red ginseng (RG, the extract of Panax ginseng Meyer) has various biological and psychological activities and may also alleviate fatigue-related disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate what kind of fatigue red ginseng alleviate. Animals were orally administered with 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of RG for 7 days. Before experiments were performed. Physiological stress (swimming, rotarod, and wire test) are behavioral parameters used to represent physical fatigue. Restraint stress and electric field test to a certain degree, induce psychological fatigue in animals. Plasma concentration of lactate and corticosterone (CORT) were also measured after these behavioral assays. RG supplementation (100 mg/kg) increased movement duration and rearing frequency of restrainted mice in comparison with control. 100 and 200 mg/kg of RG increased swimming time in cold water ($8{\pm}4^{\circ}C$) while at 100 mg/kg, RG increased electric field crossing over frequencies. 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg RG prolonged running time on the rotarod and at 100 mg/kg, it increased balancing time on the wire. RG at those doses also reduced falling frequencies. RG supplementation decreased plasma CORT levels, which was increased by stress. Lactate levels were not significantly altered. These results suggest that RG supplementation can alleviate more the damages induced by psychological than physical fatigue.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 1991

We examined optimum culture conditions of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides B5 for effective utilization of substrate and sunlight for hydrogen production. The optimum concentration range of DL-lactate as electron donor for hydrogen production by resting cells was from 5 to 50mM, and optimun CN ratio (lactate/glutamat) for maintenence of hydrogen production activity by growing cultures was from 5 to 6. Hydrogen production by the cultures of low cell density (0.36mg/ml dry cells) was saturated with 10 Klux light intensity. Under constant illumination of 50Klux which was set up as the average medium value of annual variation of sunlight intensity, hydrogen production with various cell densities in the culture resulted in highest production rate (132${\mu}$l/hr/mg dry cells) up to 0.64mg/ml dry cells. However, the amount of total hydrogen production was saturated with cell density of 2.1mg/ml dry cells. In addition to these, the optimum inner thickness pervious to light of the culture vessel for hydrogen production which was measured under sunlight was 5 cm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2012

Various factors affecting on the bioassay were investigated. Experiments with a low mixture ratio (cell to toxicant solution) of 0.5 : 9.5 (v/v) produced observable bioluminescence intensity for assay. Both sodium lactate and potassium nitrate stimulate bioluminescence activity; 2.6~4.0 times of control. Distilled water and MSM, which gave non significant effects on the bioluminescence activity, were determined as proper diluent or extract solutions. A wide range of toxic responses of metals and organics were observed. In general, organics were much less sensitive than metals. Samples collected from eleven sites showed the bioluminescence activity ranging from 29 to 111% of the control. Significant correlation between toxicity and total metal contents was not observed, but the toxicity of two groups, sorted based on the contaminated arsenic concentration in soils, was 44% and 20%, showing considerable differences.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2005

To assess the effect of pinitol supplementation and strength training for two weeks on the anaerobic capacity during and after exercise, and improvement of glucose metabolism during the recovery period of muscular fatigue with repeated acute bouts of cycling exercise, a total of 24 healthy young men were recruited and randomly and equally divided into three groups; pinitol supplementation group (PSG), placebo group (PLG), and control group (CON). Using a randomized double-blinded design, subjects in PSG were provided pinitol supplement, consumed orally 1.2 g/day, and participated in the resistance exercise program and cycling exercise for two weeks. Subjects in PLG underwent the same protocol as those in PSG but consumed the same amount of placebo. No supplementation and exercise program was given to CON. Before and after the intervention, all subjects were tested for their anaerobic capacities evaluated by Wingate test twice separated by 30 min. During the test, peak anaerobic power (PP), mean anaerobic power, total work, and fatigue index were evaluated During resting and recovery, blood samples were drawn and plasma pinitol, myo-inositol, chiro-inositol, insulin, free fatty acid, glucose, and lactate levels were analyzed After two weeks, PP and relative PP of the second biking were improved from the first biking in PSG only (p<0.05). No changes were found in all other variables of Wingate test in all groups. No statistical differences between groups and pre- and post-intervention were observed in concentrations of pinitol, myo-inositol, and chiro-inositol, but pinitol concentration was higher during recovery compared to the baseline in all groups and testings (p<0.05). Lactate level during recovery was higher than the resting level, but no other blood parameters were significantly changed. In conclusion, two weeks of pinitol supplementation in conjunction with short duration of anaerobic training in healthy young men did not induce any obvious benefits in terms of anaerobic capacity and energy metabolism Individual and/or population susceptibility may be one factor responsible for adopting pinitol supplementation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.408-413
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• 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the physiochemical properties and fermentation qualities of kimchi supplemented with yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) during fermentation. Kimchi supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 5% yacon were investigated. As fermentation proceeded, pH decreased from 5.5~5.7 on the first day to 4.6~4.8 on day 21, whilst total titratable acidity (TTA), lactate levels, and number of microbes increased. The kimchi with 5% yacon showed a higher production of lactate concentration at 7 days fermentation than other groups, which is consistent with the observed high numbers of viable Leuconostoc sp. cells at 7 days fermentation. These observations demonstrate that 5% yacon stimulates the growth of kimchi microbes, particularly of Leuconostoc sp..

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 1992

This research was undertaken to determine the effects of the anticancer and immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide (CP) on the epididymal caput of the male rat in terms of ultrastructural alteration and protein analysis by SDS-PAGE at different groups; control group, 1 week group, 3 weeks group, 5 weeks group were treated with saline (control group) or CP at doses of 20 mg/kg/week, 1 time a week, respectively. In the cytoplasm of the principal cells on the epididymis, the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes were significantly swollen or disrupted. The lumens of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were also swollen, and the number of Golgi vesicles were increased, respectively. It is suggested that treatment with CP alters the specific cell organelles in the epididymis. CP caused changes in protein concentrations in caput of epididymis after CP treatment. Total proteins of 32 to 37 species such as lactate dehydrogenase, carnitine acetyltransferase and succinate dehydrogenase were expressed in the caput fluid. Then the more CP was increased, the more concentration of proteins caused to decrease, synthesize or increase in epididymis. In contrast to the control group, in particular carnitine acetyltransferase and the other 9 proteins in the caput fluid were decreased or disappeared, respectively, whereas lactate dehydrogenase and the other 5 proteins in the caput fluid were increased or synthesized, respectively. The other proteins are not showed distinctive difference. These alterations could be direct mediated by toxic effects of the drug on the epithelium or be secondary to changes in the spermatozoa as a result of the CP treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1937-1941
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• 2014

The effects of Tabebuia avellanedae (Taheebo) on exercise endurance capacity were investigated using mice in an adjustable-current water pool. Compared to the control group, a 1.8~2.0 fold increase in swimming time was observed in mice administered hot water extract (TAW) and 80% ethanol extract (TAE) of inner bark from T. avellanedae. Blood lactate level, an important fatigue relevance factor, was significantly lower in the TAW and TAE groups than in the control group. The total phenolic contents of TAW and TAE were $93.3{\pm}1.6$ and $115.7{\pm}1.5mgGAE/g$, respectively. The levels of flavonoids in the extracts were $77.3{\pm}1.3$ and $95.9{\pm}1.7mgCE/g$, respectively. Higher antioxidant activities of TAE were observed in each assay at the same concentration as compared to TAW. Correlation between antioxidant activities of TAE with total polyphenol contents was observed. These results suggest that extracts of Taheebo increase exercise endurance capacity by elevating antioxidative potentials.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.759-770
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• 1985

This study was experimentally undertaken to evaluate the effect of hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution on myocardial protection during prolonged aortic cross clamping under cardiopulmonary bypass. Dogs were divided into two groups control group [received hypothermic unoxygenated cardioplegic solution] and experimental group [received hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution]. Coronary sinus effluent was obtained at once and 30, 60, 90 minutes after cross-clamping for the determination of pH, PCO2,PO2 and lactate level during the infusion of cardioplegic solution and myocardial biopsies were obtained after cessation of 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There was no significant differences in the pH and PCO2 between the oxygenated and unoxygenated cardioplegic solution but the PO2 of the oxygenated solution was 4 times greater than unoxygenated solution, and also the oxygenated solution had a significantly greater oxygen content [2.020.05 ml 02/min] and had much more oxygen delivery than unoxygenated solution. 2. The myocardial oxygen consumption and the myocardial oxygen extraction in oxygenated group were 1.63 ml 02/100 ml and 67.32% respectively, which was greater than those in unoxygenated group. 3. Regarding to pH and PCO2 of coronary sinus effluent, there was no significant differences between two groups in early period of infusion of cardioplegic solution, but the pH shifted to acidosis from 60 minutes, PCO2 increased from 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping, and PO2 markedly decreased from 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. 4. The lactate concentration of coronary sinus effluent revealed relatively normal in both groups, but showed slight increase up to 27.54.56 mg/100 ml at 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. 5. On electron microscopic study, the ultrastructural integrity of myocardial cells in oxygenated group was well preserved within 90 minutes. Slight swelling and deformity of mitochondria, interfibrillar widening, and disarrangement of myofibrils were observed at 90 minutes after aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. From these results, the use of hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution seemed to be effective and better method for the preservation of ischemic myocardium during the prolonged aortic cross-clamping.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2014

The aim of this was to evaluate the effects of Rhus Verniciflua Stoke (RVS) extract powder on the endurance capacity for the forced swimming mice. Thirty mice were divided into 3 groups including negative control, 250 (RVS-250) and 500 (RVS-500) mg/kg RVS extract powder groups for 4-times swimming exercises. The swimming times to exhaustion in RVS-250 and RVS-500 mice were prolonged 1.6- and 2.0-fold at 4 weeks compared with negative control mice, respectively. Blood biochemical parameters for AST, ALT, T-CHO and TG were not significantly different between RVS fed or negative control mice. However, blood concentration of creatinine was significantly increased in RVS-250 mice, but not in RVS-500 mice. During the longer swimming exercise in RVS group, blood glucose and lactate levels were significantly decreased, but free fatty acid not changed. And also LDH levels were significantly decreased in RVS groups compared to negative control mice. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was not affected by RVS, but SOD and catalase activity were significantly increased in RVS groups. Interestingly, the levels of testosterone and free testosterone were significantly increased in RVS groups before swimming exercise, but they were not significantly changed among groups after swimming exercise. The present results suggest that RVS extract powders may enhance swimming exercise performance by recovering the exercise-fatigue via reduction of blood LDH activity and by burning blood glucose as an energy source. These results imply that RVS-produced testosterone may act as an energy buster to enhance physical activity.