• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.185-198
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of performance-related pay on gender labor productivity differences theoretically and empirically. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzes the Principal-Agent model in which a firm employes many male and female workers under moral hazard, and uses large survey data from Survey of Business Activities of MDIS (MicroData Integrated Service) in Korea. The fixed-effect model is employed in order to analyze the data. Findings - The theoretical result is that, after performance-related pay is offered to workers, the effect of performance-related pay on gender productivity is determined by whether the female ratio within firm affects firm's performance(such as revenue and profit) per capita. The empirical result is that, before performance-related pay is provided for all workers, the firm's female ratio does not affect firm's revenue and profit per capita at all, but after it is offered, the female ratio positively affects firm's performance per capita. Research implications or Originality - Fixed pay does not bring about the difference between male and female productivity, but performance-related pay affects female productivity more positively than male productivity in Korean firms. It means that female workers are more sensitive to incentives than men in Korea.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2014

This study was conducted to analyze if there is a difference between the head hospital and branch hospital by comparing the profitability and operating expenses to patient revenue of oriental medicine hospitals affiliated with universities in order to find whether opening branch hospitals is an appropriate method to increase profitability. Profit indices used for the comparison of head hospital and branch hospital include ratio of operating profit on medical revenue, net-income on medical revenue, net profit to total assets, and operating profit to total assets; and cost indices included ratio of labor costs, material costs and administrative costs. In comparison of profit indices of head hospitals and branch hospitals, head hospitals displayed negative(-) in all four profit index averages while branch hospitals displayed positive(+), showing that branch hospitals have higher profitability. In particular, in the case of head hospitals, ratio of net profit to total assets was -13.6%, while that of branch hospitals was 12.9%, which was higher than 3.1%, the average of Korean oriental medicine hospitals in 2011. As a result of difference analysis between groups of head hospitals and branch hospitals, profit indices of ratio of operating profit on medical revenue, net-income on medical revenue, and ratio of net profit to total assets were found to vary by hospitals, but there was no statistically significant difference between head hospitals and branch hospitals(p<0.1). Only the ratio of operating profit to total assets of head hospitals and branch hospitals indicated significant difference between the two groups, showing that ratio of operating profit to total assets of branch hospitals is larger than that of head hospitals. Meanwhile, the cost indices of ratio of labor costs, material costs and administrative costs in the difference test results did not show significant difference between the head hospital and branch hospital(p<0.1). Thus, it cannot be said that a certain oriental medicine hospital's profitability is high or low depending on whether it is head hospital or a branch as profitability varies depending on the management environment of the hospital. Therefore, oriental medicine hospitals affiliated with universities would need to make efforts to increase their profitability as an individual hospital rather than focusing on whether they are head hospital or a branch.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2017

In the defense acquisition, a company's goal is to maximize profits, and the government's goal is to allocate budgets efficiently. Each year, the government estimates the ratio of indirect cost sector to defense companies, and estimates the ratio to be applied when calculating cost of the defense articles next year. The defense industry environment is changing rapidly, due to the increasing trend of defense acquisition budgets, the advancement of weapon systems, the effects of the 4th industrial revolution, and so on. As a result, the cost structure of defense companies is being diversifying. The purpose of this study is to find an alternative that can enhance the rationality of the current methodology for estimating the ratio of indirect cost sector of defense companies. To do this, we conducted data analysis using the R language on the cost data of defense companies over the past six years in the Defense Integrated Cost System. First, cluster analysis was conducted on the cost characteristics of defense companies. Then, we conducted a regression analysis of the relationship between direct and indirect costs for each cluster to see how much it reflects the cost structure of defense companies in direct labor cost-based indirect cost rate estimates. Lastly a new ratio prediction model based on regularized regression analysis was developed, applied to each cluster, and analyzed to compare performance with existing prediction models. According to the results of the study, it is necessary to estimate the indirect cost ratio based on the cost character group of defense companies, and the direct labor cost based indirect cost ratio estimation partially reflects the cost structure of defense companies. In addition, the current indirect cost ratio prediction method has a larger error than the new model.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the trend of work-related accident rate in the past 10 years (2002~2011) in Gusan district, Ministry of Employment and Labor, Korea. Methods: To analyze the change of work-related accident rate in the past 10 years in Gunsan District, we analyzed the work-related accident and disease by the type of business, business scale and analyzing the victim's age and job period using workplace information management system(PKMS) in the Ministry of Employment and Labor. Results: The average rate of work-related accidents in Gunsan district was 0.96% in the past 10 years and it was a little higher than that of national average 0.75%. The rates of work-related accidents tended to decrease from 1.11% in 2002, to 1.09% in 2006, and to 0.79% in 2011. Mortality (per 10,000) rates also tended to decrease in the years 2002, 2006, and 2011 as 3.07, 2.46, and 1.53. By the type of business, the average rate of work-related accidents in the past 10 years was the highest in agriculture as 1.77%, followed by forestry farming at 1.76%. By the business scale, the average rate of work-related accidents was the highest in the group of under 5 employees as 2.05% and it was the lowest in the group of more than 300 employees as 0.50%. The ratio of work-related accidents in the 30's age group was decreased from 41.7% in 2002 to 25.2% in 2011 and the ratio for the 50's age group was increased from 28.6% in 2002 to 49.5% in 2011. Conclusions: Although the rate of work-related accident was decreased in the past 10 years, the polarization of work-related accidents rated by the business scale and age groups show a significant difference. So it is needed that the planning and implementing of work-related accidents prevention policies.

• 한국인구학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.27-54
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• 2008

본 논문은 최근 출산율 저하와 인구고령화로 인한 성장잠재력의 저하에 대한 우려가 높아지고 있는 상황에서 성장잠재력을 제고하는 정책의 성공 여부는 인적자본의 양적.질적 제고를 통한 생산성 향상에 달려 있음으로 파악하고, 인구구조의 변화, 노동시장 조건의 변화 및 노동생산성의 변화 등이 잠재성장률에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 성장회계 접근방식을 이용하여 1인당 GDP 증가율을 인구구조의 변화에 따른 부양비의 변화와 노동투입 요소의 양적.질적 부분의 변화로 분해하였다. 우선, 노동투입의 양적인 변화는 고용률과 근로시간의 변화에 기초하여 시산하였으며, 노동투입의 질적인 변화는 인적자본에 대한 투자가 노동생산성에 미치는 영향을 감안하였다. 또한 출산율과 여성고용을 제고하는 정책효과를 분석하기 위해 출산율과 여성의 고용률을 주요 정책변수로 한 정책시뮬레이션을 하였다. 1인당 GDP 증가율의 베이스라인 전망결과는 2010년까지 연평균 4%대 중반의 성장률을 보이다가, 2020년대에는 3.94%, 2030년대에는 3.03%, 2040년대에는 2.41%로 서서히 감소할 것으로 나타났다. 또한 출산율 제고에 따른 성장률 효과는 2030년을 지나서 반영이 되며, 고출산율 시나리오 (2030년 이후 합계출산율이 1.57명으로 유지)의 경우 베이스라인보다 2030년대 이후 연평균 약 0.10%p 높은 1인당 GDP 성장률을 보일 것으로 전망되었다. 한편, 여성고용률이 제고되는 시나리오(2025년 이후 $25{\sim}54$세 여성의 고용률이 74.5%로 상승)의 경우 베이스라인보다 2050년까지 연평균 0.04%p 높은 1인당 GDP 성장률을 보일 것으로 전망되었다. 본 연구는 양적인 노동투입의 효과만으로는 성장잠재력에 미치는 영향이 그다지 크지 않으며, 궁극적으로 노동생산성의 향상과 같은 질적인 요소의 증대가 성장잠재력 확충에 중요한 대안이 됨을 알려 주고 있다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.36-44
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• 1983

Farm population was rapidly decreasing due to shift of the people from farm sector to the non-farm sector caused by the economic growth of the country. Especially, a great shortage of farm labor in busy farming period in June and October is becoming a serious problem in maintaining or promoting land productivity. The peak of labor requirement in summer is caused by rice transplanting and barley harvesting. In order to reduce the restrictions imposed on farm management by the concurrence of labor requirement and the lack of labor, the experimental study for mechanization of barley harvesting has been carried out in the fields. 1. The machines for barley harvesting were knap-sack type reapers, windrow reaper (power tiller attachment), binder and combine. The order of higher efficiency of machine for barley harvesting was combine, binder, windrow reaper (WR), knapsack type reaper 1(KSTR1), and knap sack type reaper 2(KSTR2; mist and duster attachment). 2. The ratio of grain loss for the manual, binder, and combine plot was about four percent of total field yield. 3. The total yield of barley in 35 days and 40 days harvesting after heading were 514 kg and 507kg per 10 ares respectively. The yield of 35 days-plot was higher than other experimental plots. 4. The lowest yield was recorded in 30 days-plot due to the large quantity of immatured grains and having lighter 1000-grain weight. The ratio of immatured grains was 2.66 percent and 1000-grain weight was 29.4 grams. 5. The total harvesting cost of the windrow reaper was 10,178 won per 10 ares. It was the lowest value compared to other machines. The next were combine, binder, KSTR1, KSTR2, and manual in sequence. As a result, the optimum time of barley harvesting for mechanization was 35-40 days after heading. Combine, binder, and windrow reaper were recommended as the suitable machines for barley harvesting in the work efficiency. However, in total harvesting cost, the windrow reaper was the most promising machine for barley harvesting.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

Background: This study is designed to estimate the factors that affect the level of three different performance (publicity, efficiency, profitability) among regional public hospitals. Methods: The units of analysis are the regional 30 hospitals, which have the operating data during 22 years (from 1933 to 2014). The research method is used by fixed panel analysis. The publicity is measured by medicaid outpatient proportion and medicaid inpatient proportion. The efficiency is measured by two types of efficient score by DEA (data envelopment analysis). The profitability is measured by medical income to medical revenue and ROA (return on total asset). Results: At first, the increase of bed gives negative affect to the publicity but give positive effect to the efficiency and profitability. Because it means the increase of the region population, it gives more profitability compare to hospital with small number of beds. The more the operating period is the higher effect to the publicity and efficiency because of it's refutation. The debt ratio gives negative effect to publicity, but positive effect to profitability. It is the normal belief that there is inverse relationship between publicity and profitability. The turnover rate of bed gives the negative affect to the publicity, but positive affect to the efficiency and profitability. That give us the implication that type of the inpatient make different effect the hospital performance. The ratio of labor cost give negative effect to all kind of performance. That means that the higher labor cost don't mean the higher publicity and labor cost control is very important factors to hospital performance. So the region hospital have to focus the labor factors more to make higher performance. Conclusion: As the conclusion, the independent variables give similar effect to the efficiency and the profitability, but give inverse effect to the publicity. That means that if an region hospital want to make the more publicity, it loss the higher efficiency and profitability. Specially publicity is higher negative relation with the profitability.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.131-169
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• 2010

본고에서는 노동자들이 위험 기피적이고 차입제약을 갖는 Mortensen-Pissarides(1994) 매칭모형에 경제활동참여 의사결정을 내생화하여 실업급여 지급기간 변화가 노동시장에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 모형의 실업은 구직활동을 하였으나 일자리를 찾지 못한 상태로 정의하고, 비경제활동은 비구직활동으로 정의한다. 경제활동참여 의사결정을 내생화하기 위하여 개별 노동자들이 노동시장으로부터 서로 다른 정확성을 갖는 정보를 관찰하고, 이러한 정보가 개별 구직확률에 영향을 준다고 가정한다. 개별 경제주체들의 자산보유규모가 서로 다르기 때문에 구직활동을 하는 것과 하지 않는 것을 무차별하게 만드는 의중구직확률 또한 서로 다르다. 따라서 자신이 관찰한 정보의 정확성이 충분히 높아서 실제 구직확률이 자신의 의중구직확률보다 높은 사람들은 구직활동을 선택하게 된다. 이러한 모형을 바탕으로 실업급여 지급기간 3개월을 벤치마크로 하여 지급기간을 각각 4개월부터 6개월까지 연장할 때 전체 노동시장 및 경제활동상태 간 노동자들의 이동비율에 미치는 효과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실업급여 지급기간의 연장은 취업자들의 근속기간을 늘리는데, 근속기간이 늘어나면 취업자들의 예비적 동기에 의한 저축이 늘어나고, 저축에 따른 자산보유규모의 증가는 노동의 한계비용을 증가시켜 노동시장에서 이탈할 유인을 제공한다. 따라서 경제활동참가율을 떨어뜨린다. 둘째, 실업급여 지급기간이 늘어날 때 실업급여 수급자격을 갖춘 경제주체들의 의중구직확률은 떨어지고 실업상태에 남을 확률은 높아져 실업자 수가 증가한다. 따라서 실업률이 상승한다. 셋째, 실업자 수의 증가는 균형 공석-실업비율을 감소시켜 경제 전체의 구직확률을 낮추게 되며, 이는 차례로 비경제활동상태에 있는 사람들의 경제활동참여를 저해하는 효과를 야기한다. 이러한 결과는 비경제활동을 고려하지 않았을 때에는 나타나지 않는 현상이다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

Purpose - The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of children's age on maternal labor supply in Korea using survival analysis. Specifically, we focus on the career re-interruption of women having children under age 12, which has rarely been studied in the existing literature. Research design, data, and methodology - We use micro data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) surveyed from 1998 to 2016. Instead of using a pre-school child dummy or the number of young children as an explanatory variable, 9 children's age dummies are included to capture the effect of nurturing 0 to 9 years old children. This study estimates the hazard of a woman's exiting the labor market after her first experience of the career interruption, rather than the hazard of the first career interruption itself. A Cox proportional hazard model is applied to numerically capture the impact of children's age on behavioral changes in maternal labor supply. The sample used in this analysis is women between 15 and 54 years old. Most of all, we restrict the sample to women who had at least a child between 0 and 12 years old at the time of quitting their jobs. Results - The Cox proportional hazard model estimates show a strong negative effect of a 0-year-old child on maternal labor supply. Mothers with newborns have a high hazard ratio of labor force exit after the re-entry. The hazard of women with infants is three times higher than those with children aged 10 to 18. Additionally, the results show that not only newborns, but also children in the age of school-entry have a negative impact on their mother's labor supply. Conclusions - The findings reveal that children's ages need to be properly expanded and included when analyzing the effect of children and their ages on married women's labor supply, especially on women's career re-interruption. A large negative effect of 7-year-old children on maternal labor supply found here indicates that supporting mothers with school age children as well as pre-school children is necessary to prevent mothers from leaving the labor market.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2020

Background: Presenteeism has emerged as an important health-related issue and has been studied in a variety of occupation groups. This study examines the relationship between emotional labor and presenteeism in nurses in Republic of Korea. Methods: As a cross-sectional study, our study was conducted on 328 female nurses participating in the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2015). Nurses were identified by the Korean Industry Classification Code. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between emotional labor and presenteeism. Results: Female nurses who always or sometimes hide their emotions in the workplace were found to have a high risk for presenteeism compared with female nurses who rarely hide their emotions in the workplace {odds ratio [OR] = 2.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-5.54]; OR = 4.12 [95% CI 1.72-9.84], respectively}. Furthermore, the risk of presenteeism was higher in nurses who sometimes engaged with complaining customers compared with nurses who rarely did so, but it lacked statistical significance. Conclusion: Presenteeism in nurses can cause various negative secondary effects; therefore, an alternative should be sought to mediate nurses' emotional labor to prevent presenteeism.