• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.585-593
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• 2020

This study contributes to the existing literature by empirically exploring the causes of child labor in the Indonesian labor market. Factors identified include rate of poverty, average wages, education participation, and quality of education. This study utilized an aggregate data of 301 districts and cities across 34 provinces sourced from the National Labor Force Survey and the National School/Madrasah Accreditation Board of the Republic of Indonesia. Using a multiple regression analysis, the study found strong evidence of the positive effect of poverty on child labor. Conversely, the study documented the adverse impact of average wages on child labor in Indonesia. Similarly, the participation in the education system also contributed negatively to the child labor. Finally, the quality of education services is found to have a negative effect on child labor in Indonesia. The findings of this study suggest that, in efforts to reduce the involvement of children in the workforce, the poverty eradication program should be enhanced. The wages should be continuously improved, at least, in par with the changes in prices. Finally, the quality of education and its services ought to be further enhanced to attract more child student participation rates across junior high schools nationwide.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.544-555
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• 2016

Purpose: This study examines the relationship among emotional labor, job burnout and organizational effectiveness of public healthcare center workers. In specific, authors focus on the relationships between emotional labor and job burnout and the one between job burnout and organizational effectiveness and mediating effect of job burnout between emotional labor and organizational effectiveness. Methods: For the empirical analysis, survey was conducted of workers in the public healthcare center, and 502 final data was secured after eliminating the insufficient ones, which were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Emotive effort showed to have a positive effect on organizational effectiveness, however emotive dissonance showed to have a negative effect on organizational effectiveness. Emotive effort showed to reduce the level of all job burnouts while emotive dissonance showed to increase the level of all job burnouts. All job burnout showed to have negative effects on organizational effectiveness. Job burnout showed to have mediating effect between emotional labor and organizational effectiveness. Conclusion: Emotive efforts of emotional labor has positive impact on organizational effectiveness while emotive dissonance has negative impact on organizational effectiveness overall. Therefore, public healthcare center should try to seek for proper way to reduce job burnout of workers, because job burnout functions as mediating element between emotional labor and organizational effectiveness.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.313-336
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• 2020

In this paper, I review evidence on changing global specialization in labor-intensive exporting. Production of apparel, footwear, furniture, and related products are how many low-income countries first enter export manufacturing. Just as China's rise as a powerhouse in these goods supplanted a role previously occupied by the East Asian Tigers, the world may again be on the cusp of significant change in where labor-intensive goods are produced. China's prowess in these sectors peaked in the early 2010s; its share in their global exports, while still substantial, is now in decline. Mechanisms through which the global economy may adjust to China's graduation into more technologically sophisticated activities include expanded labor-intensive export production in other emerging economies and labor-saving technological change in products currently heavily reliant on less-educated labor. Available evidence suggests that the first mechanism is operating slowly and the second hardly at all. As a third mechanism, China may in part replace itself by moving labor-heavy factories out of densely populated and expensive coastal cities and into the country's interior. Such a transition, though still in its infancy, would mirror the decentralization of manufacturing production in the U.S. and Europe, which occurred after World War II.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.115-141
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to describe a long-term trend toward earlier retirement and its reversal since 1985 in the United States, together with changes in socioeconomic conditions and social-policy programs which have contributed to this new development. The American people's recent propensity to retire at relatively younger ages was mainly a result of secular increase in individual wealth that had made it possible for them to enjoy higher standard of living without their participation in labor market activities at older ages. In addition to the introduction of compulsory retirement system, both social security retirement pension program and corporate pension system have also contributed significantly to the declining retirement age and its reversal around the mid-1980s. This paper pays full attention to the set of social policy programs which are currently being used to sustain the recent reversal in ages at retirement. The basic question to be raised here, however, is about whether or not the U. S. government will ave to continue to implement the social policies and programs used to discourage the elderly from retiring at relatively younger ages in the future. In this paper, it is argued that labor productivity growth and improvement in work attitude prior to retirement will help the elderly find little difficulties in having higher standard of living, despite their further lengthening of life expectancy at birth and post-retirement survival chances, the latter being often called the "third life". Most American people hope that the social-policy programs that have promoted early retirement will remain unchanged in the first part of the 21st century while they will put significant financial burden on their future descendants who have to work in the paid labor market. Taking this observation in consideration, this paper concludes that the U. S. government has to focus more on developing the programs that improve work propensity and labor productivity among the currently working-age population rather than continuing to implement the programs that sustain the recent reversal in retirement ages.ment ages.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.2
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• pp.141-169
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• 1989

Most of the theories of collective bargaining outcomes start with a set of economic variables. The economic constraints, pressures, and incentives influence the bargaining power relationship between labor union and employer. In this paper, the critical macro and micro economic variables that need to be considered in analyzing the economic context of collective bargaining power relationship is outlined. The focus is on the role that economic forces play in shaping the results of bargaining, that is the outcome of negotiations. In this study, the elasticity of the demand for labor is introduced as one of the most important economic aspects that influence bargaining power. Unions will be most successful in increasing wages when they enjoy an inelastic demand for labor. If the demand for labor is not naturally inelastic, some institutional arrangement for "taking wages out of competition" must be sought. Inflation, business cycle, and income policy are influential in shaping both parties' goals and expectations as well. In addition to the analysis of the economic variables, the nature of power is diagonized with some introductory notions about its care and feeding before proceeding to the details of the above issues.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.30-45
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• 2014

Using the data of Economically Active Population Survey and GOMS, we analyze youth employee's labor mobility. We found the causes of the youth employee's labor mobility as follows: work environment, salary, enterprise's vision, job satisfaction, job mismatching, organizational culture, mismatching of work and housing and so on. On the basis of results, we proposed a step by step solutions. The resulting policy implication is that rather than raising job finding rate of the unemployed youths, we need to focus more on reducing job mismatching.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.53-85
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• 2020

We examine how certain occupational physical requirements affect labor transitions of disabled workers by exploiting a unique feature of South Korean Disability Insurance (DI), where award rules are based solely on an applicant's medical condition, independent of his previous occupations. We estimate the labor market response to a health shock by constructing a physical intensity measure from O^⁎NET and applying it to longitudinal South Korean household panel data. Our results suggest that health shocks initially lead to a 14 to 20 percent drop in employment and that this effect is greater for workers who previously held physically demanding occupations. Those who remain part of the labor market exhibit higher occupational mobility toward less physically demanding jobs. These findings imply that the magnitudes of income risks associated with health shocks vary depending on occupational and skill characteristics.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2021

The effects of social distancing measures on income distributions and aggregate variables are examined with an off-the-shelf heterogeneous-agent incomplete-market model. The model shows that social distancing measures, which limit households' labor supply, can decrease the labor supply of low-income households who hold insufficient assets and need income the most given their borrowing constraints. Social distancing measures can therefore exacerbate income inequality by lowering the incomes of the poor. An equilibrium interest rate can fall when the social distancing shock is expected to be persistent because households save more to prepare for rising consumption volatility given the possibility of binding to the labor supply constraint over time. When the shock is expected to be transitory, in contrast, the interest rate can rise upon the arrival of the shock because constrained households choose to borrow more to smooth consumption given the expectation that the shock will fade away. The model also shows that social distancing shocks, which diminish households' consumption demand, can decrease households' incomes evenly for every income quantile, having a limited impact on income inequality.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2007

The purposes of this paper are to investigate mismatch in labor supply and demand on small and medium industries in Suwon region by conducting surveys to potential employees and employers, and to suggest alternative policy means to eliminate those mismatch conditions. Reasons of occupation change, difference in terms desired in occupation between potential employee and employer, understanding in mismatch, and measure of labor shortage by firms are analyzed in this paper. The report's recommendations to eliminate labor mismatch in small and medium industry are categorized into two groups: working conditions and occupation competence. Narrowing the working conditions gap, utilization of idle workers, establishment of flexible wage system are suggested to eliminate labor condition mismatch. In addition, potential employees need to meet working requirements by building up both wide use ability, occupation specific ability, and industry specific ability.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1-21
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• 2004

To meet the needs of the information age, the Korean government has placed a high priority in building the IT -capable workforce. Though a sizable financial resource was committed in implementing the policy, its effectiveness was not examined yet. The policy for the workforce development should be assessed continuously so that any misdirections are detected and redressed. The present study addresses four potential problems that would not allow the government to switch from a quantity-based policy to a quality-based policy. These are ① Korean universities' labor supply chain. ② moral hazard problems. ③ financial capacity of students, ④ horizontal policy orientation. The paper also proposes solutions to the mentioned problems. The government should foster an environment in which provide the concerned parties(universities. private institutions. students. etc,) with incentives to participate actively and promote the market principle of labor supply and demand. Such an ex-ante approach is believed to improve the system's efficiency compared to the extant approach based on ex-post KPI figures. If the four issues are not redressed. the market failure is likely to occur. The government should not make direct involvement in developing manpower, but rather be a linchpin to pull all concerned parties together. By doing so. the government should be able to fill the gap among parties in the system. One government role would be like defining workforce categories and promoting their career paths. Such role will also trigger universities and private institutions to pursue differential strategies along the supply chain of a particular workforce type.