• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

There are index adjustment method and item adjustment method in estimation methods for price fluctuation rate of public constructions. A relevant regulation has put item adjustment method as a principle, but in most construction, contract sum adjustment has been made by index adjustment method. Hence, this study, by figuring out width and causes of the gap between index adjustment method and item adjustment method through direct comparative analysis, solved inequality caused by difference between them and suggested a rational way against irrationality of each method. For building operations of public housing construction, a detailed fluctuation rate by index adjustment method and item adjustment method of construction cost elements of the same construction, that is, direct material cost, direct labor cost and historical construction cost was estimated to analyze difference between two adjustments and establish its cause. Across the analysis, it was found that fluctuation rate by item adjustment method was estimated lower than that by index adjustment method and difference between methods for estimating fluctuation rate of quotation unit price and application of index unrelated to construction type and construction nature are main causes of the difference. This study has a significance in that, for smooth contract sum adjustment between contracting parties, it practically proved the real difference between adjustment methods by conducting comparative analysis of the difference in direct correspondence way.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-136
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• 2018

As the number of precariats grows, their poor labor rights and working conditions are becoming issues of major concern all over the world but how to represent their interests is still controversial. Basically, the union is the institutional mechanism for representing the labor rights. However, it is difficult for workplaceand enterprise-based unions to fully represent the labor rights of precarious workers. Recently, so-called community unions have emerged in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan as independent organizations representing the rights of non-standard workers. Community unions refer to labor unions which organize precarious workers across firms at the regional level. They are known to be suitable for covering the unemployed, job seekers, indirect employment workers, short-term contract workers, and small-firm workers. In South Korea, since the financial crisis in 1997, a dramatic increase in the number of precariats leads to emergence of new types of trade unions such as the Youth Community Union, the Arbeit Workers' Union, the Artist Social Union and the Korea Musician's Union. They have engaged in various activities to guarantee the labor rights of precariats. Recently, researchers have also tried to identify defining characteristics of these new forms of unionism. To expand research on trade unionism in South Korea, this study compares two different types of community unions: the Youth Community Union and the Arbeit Workers' Union. We believe that this attempt can contribute to the research on the alternative labor movement. For this purpose, this study starts with theoretical discussions on community unions, and compares the Youth Community Union with the Arbeit Workers' Union based on the five characteristics of community unionism: membership and organization structure, the recognition struggle, the type or scope of interest, solidarity with other civic organizations, and the repertoire of resistance strategies. Based on this comparative analysis, this study seeks to foresee the possibility of how community unionism will develop in South Korean in the future.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2002

Recently the North Korea has been suffered from the grain shortage, and the fundamental reason was in the socialistic land regulations and collective production which restrain farmers' labor desire. So one of the key in solve the problem may be in the reformation of the socialistic land regulations and collective production, however, the capitalistic land regulations may not work as the reformational alternative in the North Korea. The third alternative for land should consider efficiency and equality of reformation itself as well as environmental problems. The purpose of the study was to discuss the possible application of the Public Land Lease from Henry $George(1839{\sim}1897)'s$ theory. The basic idea of the Public Land Lease was that the government has the right of sentence and the right of profit for the land, and the individual has the right of use for the land. Under the Public Land Lease, the individual must pay the land rent for the period of the use for land, and must return the land when the contract is over. If the North Korea's rural land regulations reformed into the Public Land Lease, it would be the first reformational model beyond china.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.39-56
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the resilience of families of middle-aged married men upon the perception of family stress. The subjects were 301 married men age 40.54 living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling method and a convenience sampling method. The data were statistically processed using the SPSS 18.0 program. First, participants who perceived family stress less and had higher family resilience tended to be better educated, have higher average family incomes, have permanent employment, be religious, and have no experience of unemployment. Participants who had low-paying, physical labor-based jobs or who were contract workers perceived family stress more and had lower family resilience. Second, among the variables that affected family resilience, those that most influenced the perceptual extent of family stress were the sense of belief system's family control, having a positive perspective, flexibility with regard to morality, religion, and organizational patterns, connectivity, family resources, communication-oriented mutual cooperative problem-solving, and emotional response. Third, the influence of family resilience upon the perception of family stress measured at 44.2% based on regression analysis and was statistically significant (F=4.606, ***p<.001).

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.175-189
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• 2004

There are many assertions related to biotechnology and genetically modified organisms(GMOs). Some experts have asserted that GM foods could be dangerous and that there is no reliable evidence that have been demonstrated safe through appropriate tests, and the others asserted these foods are as safe and nutritions as their conventional counterparts. The objectives of this study was to study an societal implications of biotechnology and GMOs in agriculture. To keep the balance in mind the researcher examined not only usefulness but also harmfulness of GMOs, along with the developmental process of biotechnology industry. It was observed that basically, multinational corporations developed GMOs to maximize their profit, and strengthened their control on agriculture and food through GMOs, as observed in alliance among big multinational corporations' food chain cluster and systems. Under the situation, farmers were losing their status as independent producer and were becoming propertied labor for multinational corporation through contract farming. If these trends continuous in the future, multinational corporations will have the control of genetic resources, these may bring about reduction of bio-diversity, thus may lead the opposite direction to eco-friendly agriculture. If multinational corporations' tendency to suppress the latent harmfulness for the profit continuous further, this may lead the degradation phase of farming and agriculture, thus leading negative socio-economic effects as well as culture and religion.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.77-96
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to find the new model of successful social enterprise on the basis of local economy and industry in Korea. The trends and definitions of social enterprise were discussed first of all and community business model operated by civilians and members of a community was studied. The community business of local friendly type(LFT) was focused especially. Some factors of LFT are such as the solution of economic polarization and employment aggravation, the recovery of local community, the solution of local problem, and new method of labor contract. As the result of exploratory analysis on community business in Korea, Some distinctive features were showed that the majority of business was managed by local government, the outcomes of local community business were improvement of local income and creation of employment. Also, there were barriers such as finance, marketing, and lack of entrepreneurship. In conclusion, community business enterprise on the basis of local is effective to develop local economy and it should be owned by local civilians. In addition, long-term aims, entrepreneurship, and positiveness need for making of local society wealth.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.1 s.18
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• pp.9-28
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• 1999

Broadly speaking, this paper is concentrated on the trimming of the wood demanded for the palace, constructed in the 2nd half of the Choseon Dynasty. To be concrete, this is the study on the craftman and craftmanship corncerned with the trimming of the wood, its system, and terms of payment of his wages, Construction reports, financial reports, job slips, written estimates, bills for payment, and other documents in those days are examined for the study. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. 1) The operation system of whole construction office and its suboffice was very specialized and systematized from the early 19th century. 2) The craftman engaged in trimming of the wood was subdivided by work function. 3) The craftman for its first trimming, i.e. 'keojang' or 'seonjang' had been treated as a speacial labor recruited to the mid-l8th century, after that, was enrolled into the craftman. 4) A unit cost of its first trimming was firstly appropriated into the reconstruction of the Kyongwoon Palace in the early 20th century, and it was very subdivided for a personnel management. 5) Contract works were widely applied to all workers engaged in the reconstruction for an efficiency of the accomplishments.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.179-190
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• 2007

This study aimed to present the policy scheme for agricultural interchange forming community group with North Korea through counterplot providing our agricultural products to Korean labor who advanced Kaesong industrial complex and North Korean workers. Trying to promote agricultural products contracting cultivation for forming community group as follows; First, we must understand North Korean political system. Second, on occasion to contract cultivation about limited items, we will drive to consult item and agricultural output with the Ministry of National Unification before contracting with North Korea. Third, dealing with contraction in the concrete. Finally, it must be supported by government and international level.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.351-358
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• 2021

Backgrounds: Irregular and unpredictable work schedules have become more common in most societies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between unpredictable work schedules and depressive symptoms in Korea. Methods: Data from 34,486 workers who participated in the Korean Working Condition Survey in 2017 were used. Unpredictable work schedules were measured by questions about the frequency of changes in work schedule and limited advanced notice. Depressive symptoms were assessed by a single item asking if the participants had depressive symptoms over the last 12 months. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for high depressive symptoms. Results: The OR for depressive symptoms was significantly higher in the workers with unpredictable work schedules compared to those with predictable work schedules after controlling for age, sex, education, salary, marital status, occupation, contract period, full-time versus part-time, shift work, weekly working hours, and having a child under the age of 18 years (OR = 2.43, 95% confidence interval 1.93-3.07). Conclusion: Unpredictable work schedules were associated with depressive symptoms controlling for the other dimensions of precarious employment in a representative working population in Korea.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.261-267
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• 2021

Background: The series of serious industrial accidents in recent years at contractors to large companies has highlighted risk outsourcing as a real and urgent problem. This study aims to review the difference in the degree of risk exposure and the occurrence of industrial accidents depending on the type of company relations. Among in-house contractors, the focus will be on those handling hazardous chemicals that include companies for which outsourcing requires approval. Methods: This study uses the 9th wave of the Industrial Safety and Health Survey (2018). For determining the degree of risk exposure, the occurrence of industrial accidents, and industrial accident rate, multivariate, logistic, and fractional logit, regression analyses were used, respectively. Results: First, In-house contractors' degree of risk exposure is higher than that of the client companies. In particular, this gap is even greater for companies dealing with chemicals. Second, among only those that handle hazardous chemicals, in-house contractors do show a significantly higher rate of industrial accident occurrence. Third, In-house contractors have a significantly higher rate of industrial accidents from diseases than client companies. Conclusion: The analysis supports the intent of the legal amendment that strengthens the protection of in-house contracted workers who handle hazardous chemicals. Second, the results of this study suggest that safety and health management must go beyond legal compliance and ensure that it has substance and effectiveness. Last, there should be policy consideration is necessary to reduce attempts to hide industrial accidents.