• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2023

Background: Although many studies have evaluated the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) components (Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rd, etc.), few have examined the in vivo pharmacokinetics of the radiolabeled components. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides and their metabolite compound K (CK), 20(s)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), and 20(s)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) using radioisotopes in rat oral administration. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally once with 10 mg/kg of the tritium(3H) radiolabeled samples, and then the blood was collected from the tail vein after 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h. Radioactivity in the organs, feces, urine, and carcass was determined using a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) and a bio-imaging analyzer system (BAS). Results and conclusion: After oral administration, as the ³H-labeled ginsenosides were converted to metabolites, C_max and half-life increased, and T_max decreased. Interestingly, Rb1 and CK showed similar values, and after a single oral administration of components, the cumulative excretion ratio of urine and feces was 88.9%-92.4%. Although most KRG components were excreted within 96-168 h of administration, small amounts of components were detected in almost all tissues and mainly distributed to the liver except for the digestive tract when observed through autoradiography. This study demonstrated that KRG components were distributed to various organs in the rats. Further studies could be conducted to prove the bioavailability and transmission of KRG components to confirm the mechanism of KRG efficacy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.641-654
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• 2023

Purpose: Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) contains abounding phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and anthocyanins, and has antioxidative effects. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial regulator in enhancing the lipid metabolism. This study hypothesized that the intake of sour cherry affects AMPK signaling. Therefore, this study examined whether sour cherry regulates AMPK to balance the hepatic lipid metabolism and exert ameliorating effects. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice had obesity induced with a 45% fat diet. The mice were divided into four groups: control (CON), high-fat diet (HFD), low percentage sour cherry powder (LSC), and high percentage sour cherry powder (HSC). The mice in the sour cherry groups were fed 1% sour cherry or 5% sour cherry in their respective diets for 12 weeks. Results: The body weight, visceral fat weight, and lipid droplet size significantly decreased in the treatment groups. The serum and hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels improved significantly in the HSC group. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also reduced significantly, whereas the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased significantly in both treatment groups. The sterol regulator binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthase expression levels as fatty acid synthesis-related enzymes were significantly lower in the treatment groups than in the high-fat diet group. Furthermore, the adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase expression levels as lipolytic enzyme activity and AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase/carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 as fatty acid β-oxidation-related pathway were upregulated significantly in both sour cherry groups. Conclusions: These results show that sour cherry intake improves hepatic lipid synthesis and chronic diseases by activating AMPK signaling. Therefore, this study suggests that phytochemical-rich sour cherry can be developed as a healthy functional food.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.55-55
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• 2020

뫼제비꽃(Viola selkirkii)의 엽록체 DNA 염기서열을 차세대염기서열분석법(NGS)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 재료는 강원도 화천군 일산과 제주도 한라산의 2개체를 사용하였다. 분석결과, 염기서열의 길이는 일산의 뫼제비꽃이 156,774 bp (GC content: 36.30%), 한라산의 뫼제비꽃이 157,451 bp(GC content: 36.30%)로 한라산 개체가 길게 분석되었다. 구간별로 LSC(Large single copy)지역은 한라산 개체(85,950 bp)가 일산 개체(85,930 bp)보다 20 bp 길었으며, SSC(Small single copy)지역은 한라산 개체(17,261 bp)보다 일산 개체가 17,982 bp로 길게 분석되었다. IR(Inverted repeat)지역은 한라산 개체가 27,120 bp로 일산 개체(26,431 bp)보다 길게 분석되었다. 이러한 염기서열 길이의 차이는 종내 개체 간 빈번하게 발생하는 현상으로 IGS와 intron 구간에서 확인 된 단순반복서열의 일부 누락과 IR지역 내의 수축과 확장에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 뫼제비꽃 2개체의 엽록체 게놈을 구성하는 유전자 수는 총 111개로 동일하였으며, protein coding gene 77개, tRNA(transfer RNA) gene 30개, 그리고 rRNA (ribosomal RNA) gene 4개로 구성되어 있었다. 이는 기 발표된 엽록체 DNA 전체 염기서열이 밝혀진 제비꽃속 (Viola) 종류들과 동일한 결과이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.3815-3821
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• 2023

Dosimetric studies in Nuclear Medicine are very important, especially with new therapeutic methods, the number of which has increased significantly with the Theranostic approach (determining diagnostic-therapeutic pairs where similar molecules are labelled with different isotopes in order to diagnose and treat malignant diseases). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has been used successfully for many years to treat neuroendocrine tumors (NET). ⁹⁰Y-DOTATOC is one of the radiopharmaceuticals used frequently in this type of therapy. In this work, blood and urine samples from 13 patients treated with ⁹⁰Y-DOTATOC were measured by a liquid scintillation beta counter (LSC). Calibration of the beta counter for this type of measurement was done and all results are presented in the paper. The presented paper also provides a methodology for determining the measurement uncertainty for this type of measurement. Immediately after the administration of radiopharmaceuticals, the activity in the blood was different from 6.31% to 88.9% of the applied radioactivity, while 3 h after the termination of the application, the average value of radiopharmaceuticals in the blood was only 3.84%. The activity in the excreted urine depended on the time when the patients urinated after the therapy. It was measured that as much as 58% of the applied radioactivity was excreted in the first urine after the therapy in a patient who urinated 4.5 h after the completed application of the therapy. In most patients, the highest urine activity was in the first 10 h after the application, while the activities after that time were negligibly low. The described methodology of measuring and evaluating activity in blood and excreted urine can be applied to other radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It could be useful for researchers for dosimetric assessments in clinical application of PRRT.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.399-407
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of different batches of Saururus chinensis using different roasting temperature that were dried at different using different roasting temperatures and their were determined the antioxidative activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts. Methods: Extracts were examined for the total phenolic acid content, the and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant properties, including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTs scavenging activity and, the reducing power. Results: Moisture content was significantly higher in the LSC and the crude ash content was significantly higher in the HSC. The crude protein content was higher in the LSC (although not significantly), and the crude fat and carbohydrate contents were higher in the HSC (although not significantly). The total phenolic content was lower in the samples extracted with water, but there was no significant difference. However, the extracts extracted with 70% ethanol at a high drying temperature were significantly higher. The low temperature and high drying temperature batches of Saururus chinensis were significantly higher in the samples extracted with 70% ethanol than those extracted with 70% ethanol. The total phenolic acid content, the total flavonoid content and the electron donating ability were highest in the ethanol extract of Saururuschinensis treated at a high temperature. However, the ABTs radical activity was highest in the water extracted, high-temperature treated Saururuschinensis. The 70% ethanol extract of high temperature roasted Saururuschinensis had the highest antioxidative activities of all the Saururuschinensis batches. Conclusion: The total phenolic acid contents, total flavonoid contents, electron donating activity and reducing power activity were highest in all the 70% ethanol extraction batches of the high-temperature treated samples.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2007

Combined method of extraction chromatography and liquid scintillation analysis was established for determinating $^{55}Fe\;and\;^{63}Ni$ radioactivity in solid samples. Activated concrete wastes generated from dismantling KRR-2 were analysed. The sequential separation including precipitation and extraction chromatography resulted in the above 90% chemical recoveries of Fe. Above 62% recoveries of Ni were obtained by this procedure exception to 43.6 and 46.5% recoveries. The seperation and counting procedure was also confirmed with spiked samples of known quantity. The measured and spiked quantity were agreed with the 3.7% and 0.7% variations in the $^{55}Fe\;and\;^{63}Ni$ experiments, respectively. The radioactivities of $^{55}Fe$ in the dismantled concretes are shown from below MDA to maximum 362 Bq/g. The radioactivities of $^{63}Ni$ in all concrete samples are below MDA. The $^{63}Ni$ doesn't exist in dismantled concretes from KRR-2. The radioactivity of $^{55}Fe$ is decreased rapidly as the sampling depth is increased from the concrete surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 1996

This paper presents a procedure to recover sea surface heights (SSH) and free-air (FA) gravity anomalies from dense satellite altimeter SSH data with enhanced accuracies over the full spectrum of the gravity field. A wavenumber correlation filtering (WCF) of co-linear SSH tracks is developed for the coherent signals of sub-surface geological masses. Orbital cross-over adjustments with bias parameters are applied to the filtered SSH data, which are then separated into two groups of ascending and descending tracks and gridded with tensioned splines. A directional sensitive filter (DSF) is developed to reduce residual errors in the orbital adjustments that appear as track patterned SSH. Finally, FA gravity anomalies can be obtained by the application of a gradient filter on a high resolution estimate of geoid undulations after subtracting dynamic sea surface topography (DSST) from the SSH. These procedures are applied to the Geosat Geodetic Mission (GM) data of the southern oceans in a test area of ca. $900km\;\times{1,200}\;km$ to resolve geoid undulations and FA gravity anomalies to wavelengths of-10 km and larger. Comparisons with gravity data from ship surveys, predictions by least squares collocation (LSC), and 2 versions of NOAA's predictions using vertical deflections illustrate the performance of this procedure for recovering all elements of the gravity spectrum. Statistics on differences between precise ship data and predicted FA gravity anomalies show a mean of 0.1 mgal, an RMS of 3.5 mgal, maximum differences of 10. 2 mgal and -18.6 mgal, and a correlation coefficient of 0.993 over four straight ship tracks of ca. 1,600 km where gravity changes over 150 mgals.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.86-90
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• 2013

$^{222}Rn$ concentrations in the groundwater samples without standard material due to the short half-life (3.82 day) were measured through the establishment of the counting efficiency of LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counter) using a standard source of $^{226}Ra$. This study for Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) of $^{222}Rn$ analysis was performed to analyze blank samples, duplicate samples, samples of groundwater sampling before and after. In-situ blank samples collected were in the range of 0.44~6.28 pCi/L and laboratory samples were in the range of 1.66~4.95 pCi/L. Their correlation coefficient was 0.9691 and the source contamination from sampling, migration and keeping of samples were not identified. The correlation coefficient between original and duplicate samples from 65 areas was 0.9987. Because radon is an inert gas, in case of groundwater sampling, it is considered to affect the radon concentration. We analyzed samples separately by groundwater sampling before and after using distilled water, but there is no significant difference for $^{222}Rn$ concentrations in distilled waters of two types.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2005

[ $^{14}C$ ] and $^{3}H$ in the evaporator bottom (EB) discharged from the Nuclear power plant (NPP) were extracted simultaneously into a gaseous $^{14}CO_{2}$ and liquefied HTO by using the chemical oxidation, which is the method to oxidize samples completely using potassium persulfate and sulfuric acid. The extracted $^{14}C$ and $^{3}H$ were counted by the liquid scintillation counter (LSC) after the quench correction. To examine the recovery of $^{14}C$ using the radioactive standards, $Na_{2}^{14}CO_{3}$, $^{14}C-alcohol$, and $^{14}C-toluene$ as $^{14}C$, and HTO as $^{3}H$ were used. Also, the most suitable method for oxidizing $^{14}C-toluene$, which is difficult to be oxidized, was investigated through FT-IR spectra according to the concentration of sulfuric acid. With the identical method, $^{14}C$ and $^{3}H$ in the EB generated in the NPP were assayed in the range of $8.35{\sim}l.38{\times}10^3$ Bq/g and $2.46{\times}10^2{\sim}1.40{\times}10^4$ Bq/g, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2009

In Bone Mineral Density(BMD) measurements, accuracy and precision must be superior in order to know the small changes in bone mineral density and actual biological changes. Therefore the purpose of this study is to increase the reliability of bone mineral density inspection through appropriate management of image quality from machines and inspectors. For the machine management method, the recommended phantom from each bone mineral density machine manufacturer was used to take 10~25 measurements to determine the standard amount and permitted limit. On each inspection day, measurements were taken everyday or at least three times per week to verify the whether or not change existed in the amount of actual bone mineral density. Also evaluations following Shewhart control chart and CUSUM control chart rules were made for the bone mineral density figures from the phantoms used for measurements. Various forms of management became necessary for machine installation and movement. For the management methods of inspectors, evaluation of the measurement precision was conducted by testing the reproducibility of the exact same figures without any real biological changes occurring during reinspection. There were two measurement methods followed: patients were either measured twice with 30 measurements or three times with 15 measurements. An important point to make regarding measurements is that after the first inspection and any other inspection following, the patient was required to come off the inspection table completely and then get back on for any further measurements. With a 95% confidence level, the precision error produced from the measurement bone mineral figures produced a precision error of 2.77 times the minimum of the biological bone mineral density change (Least significant change: LSC). In order to assure reliability in inspection, there needs to be good oversight of machine management and measurer for machine operation and inspection error. Accuracy error in machines needs to be reduced to under 1% for scientific development in bone mineral density machines.