• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) on patterns of failure and survivals in uterine carcinosarcoma patients treated with radical surgery. Materials and Methods: Between October 1998 and August 2010, 19 patients with stage I-III uterine carcinosarcoma received curative hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with or without PORT at Seoul National University Hospital. Their hospital medical records were retrospectively reviewed. PORT and non-PORT groups included 11 and 8 patients, respectively. They were followed for a mean of 22.7 months (range, 7.8 to 126.6 months). Results: At 5 years, the overall survival rates were 51.9% for entire, 61.4% for PORT, and 41.7% for non-PORT groups, respectively. There was no statistical difference between PORT and non-PORT groups with regard to overall survival (p = 0.682). Seven out of 19 (36.8%) patients showed treatment failures, which all happened within 12 months. Although the predominant failures were distant metastasis in PORT group and loco-regional recurrence in non-PORT group, there was no statistically significant difference in locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) (p = 0.362) or distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (p = 0.548). Lymph node metastasis was found to be a significant prognostic factor in predicting poor LRRFS (p = 0.013) and DMFS (p = 0.021), while the International Federation Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (p = 0.043) was associated with LRRFS. Conclusion: Considering that adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical resection was effective to decrease loco-regional recurrence and most treatment failures were distant metastasis, multimodal therapy including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy might be an optimal treatment for uterine carcinosarcoma patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2015

Objectives: This article describes our experience with neck dissection in 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between January 2007 and October 2009, 10 patients underwent primary surgery for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. For patients with $N_0$ disease on clinical exam, selective neck dissection (SND [I-III]) was performed. In patients with palpable cervical metastases (N+), modified radical neck dissections were performed, except in one patient in whom SND (I-III) was performed. The histopathologic reports were reviewed to assess the surgical margins, the presence of extra-capsular spread, perineural invasion, and lymphatic invasion. Results: On histopathologic examination, positive soft tissue margins were found in three patients, and regional lymph node metastases were present in five of the ten patients. Perineural invasion was noted in five patients, and extra nodal spread was found in four patients. Regional recurrence was seen in two patients and loco-regional recurrence plus distant metastasis to the tibia was observed in one patient. During the study period, three patients died. Seven patients remain free of disease to date. Conclusion: Histopathological evaluation provides important and reliable information for disease staging, treatment planning, and prognosis. The philosophy of neck dissection is evolving rapidly with regard to the selectivity with which at-risk lymph node groups are removed. The sample size in the present study is small, thus, caution should be employed when interpreting these results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2903-2908
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• 2015

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the eighth most common cancer as estimated from worldwide data. The incidence of HNC in Peninsular Malaysia was reported as 8.5 per 100,000 population. This study was aimed to determine the treatment outcomes for HNC patients treated in the Oncology Unit of University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Materials and Methods: All newly diagnosed patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) referred for treatment to the Oncology Unit at UMMC from 2003-2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment outcomes were 5-year overall survival (OS), cause specific survival (CSS), loco-regional control (LRC) and radiotherapy (RT) related side effects. Kaplan-Meier and log rank analyses were used to determine survival outcomes, stratified according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage. Results: A total of 130 cases were analysed. Most cases (81.5%) were at late stage (AJCC III-IVB) at presentation. The 5-year OS for the whole study population was 34.4% with a median follow up of 24 months. The 5-year OS according to AJCC stage was 100%, 48.2%, 41.4% and 22.0% for stage I, II, III and IVA-B, respectively. The 5-year overall CSS and LCR were 45.4% and 55.4%, respectively. Late effects of RT were documented in 41.4% of patients. The most common late effect was xerostomia. Conclusions: The treatment outcome of HNSCC at our centre is lagging behind those of developed nations. Efforts to increase the number of patients presenting in earlier stages, increase in the use of combined modality treatment, especially concurrent chemoradiotherapy and implementation of intensity modulated radiotherapy, may lead to better outcomes for our HNC patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6339-6342
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• 2014

Background: The incidence of rectal cancer is increasing in younger age groups. Limited data is available regarding survival outcome in younger patients with conflicting results from western world. The goal of this study was to determine survival in patients with rectal cancer <30 years of age and compare it with their older counterparts in the Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients operated for rectal adenocarcinoma between January 2005 and December 2010 was performed. Patients were divided into two groups, Group 1 aged ${\leq}30years$ and Group 2 aged >30years. Patient characteristics, surgical procedure, histopathological details and number of loco-regional and distant failures were compared. Expected 5 year survival was calculated using Kaplan Meier curves and significance was determined using the Log rank test. Results: There were 38 patients in group 1 and 144 in group 2. A significantly high number of younger patients presented with poorly differentiated histology (44.7% vs 9.7%) (p=0.0001) and advanced pathological stage (63.1% vs 38.1%) (p=0.04). Predicted overall 5 year survival was 38% versus 57% in groups I and II, respectively (p=0.05). Disease free survival was 37% versus 52% and was significantly different (p=0.007). Conclusions: Early onset rectal cancer is associated with poor pathological features and a worse outcome in Pakistani population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.2279-2285
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate treatment outcomes of patients with stage I-III endometrial cancer treated with postoperative radiation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 166 endometrial cancer patients, undergoing surgery and postoperative radiotherapy at Siriraj Hospital from 2005-2008 was performed. Pathology was reviewed. Results of treatment were reported with 5-year loco-regional recurrence free survival (LRRFS), 5-year overall survival (OS), patterns of failure and toxicity, and according to stage and risk groups. Results: Median follow up time was 62.8 months. Pathological changes were found in 36.3% of the patients after central reviews, leading to 19% changes in risk groups. Most of the patients (83.7%) received pelvic radiation (PRT) and vaginal brachytherapy (VBT). Five-year LRRFS and OS of all patients were 94.9% and 85.5%, respectively. There was no recurrence or death in low and low-intermediate risk groups. For the high-intermediate risk group, 5-year LRRFS and OS were 96.2% and 90.8%, respectively, and for the high risk group 90.5% and 71%. Late grade 3 and 5 gastrointestinal toxicity was found in 3% and 1.2% of patients, respectively. All of them received PRT 5,000 cGy in 25 fractions. Conclusions: Low and intermediate risk patients had good results with surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy. For high risk patients, postoperative radiation therapy alone appeared to be inadequate as the most common pattern of failure was distant metastasis.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.64-68
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• 2008

Purpose：The chronic use of immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients can increase the long-term risk of carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, biological behaviors, and treatment outcomes in PTC(papillary thyroid carcinoma) in renal allograft recipients. Material and Methods：The present study examined the incidence and biological behavior of PTCs in RA recipients. A total of 1,739 RA patients treated between January 1986 and December 1999 were followed-up for a median 137(84-238) months. During the follow-up period, 129(7.4%) recipients were identified as having posttransplant malignancies. Of those, 12(0.7%) had PTCs, and these comprised six male and six female patients with a median age of 41(23-57) years. Results：Nine cases(incidentalomas) were diagnosed based on ultrasonography(US) screening. Eight of those nine were TNM stage I, and two of the three clinical carcinomas were TNM stage IVa. During a median follow-up of 94(18-159) months, two(16.7%) PTC patients developed loco-regional recurrence, but no patients showed distant metastasis. Posttransplant PTC showed no gender bias, and was often associated with aggressive lymphatic metastasis. However, most incidentalomas showed a favorable treatment outcome. Conclusion：In conclusion, routine surveillance of the thyroid gland using US screening is recommended to ensure early detection, treatment and favorable prognosis in RA patients with PTC.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2003

목적: 비인강암 환자에서 방사선치료 후 재발 양상, 생존율 및 생존율에 미치는 예후인자를 분석평가하기 위해 후향적으로 분석을 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1984년 1월부터 2000년 6월까지 한양대학병원 치료방사선과에서 방사선치료를 위해 의뢰된 비인강암 49명을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 하였다. 추적기간은 평균 76개월이었고 최소 2년 6개월이었다. 연령분포는 17세부터 78세였고 중앙연령은 52세였다 조직병리상 편평상피세포암이 21예, 미분화암이 25예, 샘모양 낭암종이 3예였다. 미국암합동위원회의 1997년 개정판으로 재분류한 병기로 T1 14예, T2 24예, T3 3예, T4 8예였다. N0 17예, Nl 15예, N2 4예, N3 13예였다 병기군별은 stage I, IIa, IIb, III, IVa IVb가 각각 4예, 7예, 12예, 5예, 8예, 13예였다. 방사선은 원발병소나 임파선전이부위에 58$\~$70 Gy를 조사 시행하였다. 결과: 5년 생존율 및 10년 생존율은 각각 54.5$\%$ 및 47$\%$였다. 5년 무병 생존율 및 10년 무병생존율은 가각 55.7$\%$ 및 45.3$\%$였다. 병기별로 100$\%$, IIa 80$\%$, IIb 59.5$\%$, III 40$\%$, IV 42.2$\%$의 5년 생존율을 보였다. 총 23예의 재발을 보였고 10예(20.4$\%$)에서 국소 재발, 4예(8.2$\%$)에서 임파선재발, 10예(20.4$\%$)에서 원격전이가 있었다. 병기에 따른 국소재발률은 T1 2예(4.3$\%$),T23 예(12.5$\%$), T4 5예(62.6$\%$)로 T병기가 높을수록 재발률이 높았다. 원격전이는 N2-3환자에서 많았다(41.2$\%$). 국소 재발시기는 50$\%$가 2년 이내였고 원격 전이시기는 70$\%$에서 2년 이내였다. 예후로는 여성, 젊은 연령, 조기 T병기 및 조기 전체적인 병기 및 미분화세포가 생존율이 높았으며 그중 조기 T병기 및 전체적인 병기가 통계적인 유의성이 있었다. 결론: 비인강암의 방사선치료결과는 국소 재발률은 T4 병기에 높고 원격전이는 2$\~$3병기에 현저히 높음을 알 수 있었다. 국소재발을 낮추기 위해 특히 T4에서 좀더 많은 양의 방사선이 요구되며 방사선량을 높이기 위해 삼차원적인 치료계획을 이용한 입체조형 방사선 치료나 세기조절 방사선 치료 등이 필요하리라 생각되며 임파선전이환자에서 보다 효과적인 항암제와 방사선의 병용요법의 개발이 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2006

목적: 본 연구는 수술 후 방사선치료를 받은 초기 자궁내막암의 치료결과를 분석하여 향후 치료방침 결정에 도움을 주고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1994년 10월부터 2002년 8월까지 FIGO I 병기의 자궁내막암으로 수술 후 방사선치료를 받은 환자는 총 42명이었다. 모든 환자들이 근치적 수술을 시행하였으며, 골반림프절곽청술은 26명에서 시행되었다. FIGO 병기는 IA 병기 3명, IB 병기 21명, IC 병기 18명이었고, 조직학적 등급은 1등급 14명, 2등급 16명, 3등급 12명이었다. 19명의 환자는 강내근접치료를 받았으며, 23명은 전골반-방사선치료를 받았다. 추적관찰기간은 $22{\sim}100$개월(중앙값 41개월)이었다. 결과: 전체 환자의 5년 생존율, 무병생존율, 국소제어율, 영역제어율은 각각 86.0%, 87.9%, 100%, 97.5%였다. 재발은 원격전이가 5명에서 발생하였는데, 이들 중 2명은 영역재발이 동반되었다. 강내근접치료만 받은 환자들에서는 국소영역재발이 없었다. 3등급의 만성합병증은 전골반-방사선치료를 받은 1명(4.3%)에서 발생하였다. 결론: 초기 자궁내막암은 근치적 수술과 수술 후 보조적 방사선치료로 높은 국소영역제어율과 생존율을 얻을 수 있었다. 그러나 치료에 의한 부작용을 줄이기 위해서는 위험인자에 따라 방사선치료 방법을 선택하여야 할 것이다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2000

목적 : 수술 및 수술 후 보조적 방사선치료를 시행한 자궁내막암 환자의 예후인자, 재발 장소 및 생존율 등을 분석해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1991년 9월부터 1997년 12월까지 서을중앙병원에서 수술 및 방사선치료를 받은 27예의 자궁내막암환자를 대상으로 하였다. 수술은 단순자궁적출술이 6예, 단순자궁적출술 및 림프절 절제술이 8예, 근치적 자궁적출 술이 13예에서 시행되었다. 모든 환자에서 외부 방사선치료가 시행되었으며 이 중 16예에서 ovoid를 이용한 질내조사가 추가되었다. 조사선량은 외부 방사선치료는 총 50.4 Gy를 조사하는 것을 원칙으로 하였고, 질내조사는 1회 분할선량 4$\~$5 Gy씩 4내지 5회 시행하였다. 추적기간은 6개월에서 95개월로서 중앙추적기간은 30개월이었다. 결과:FIGO 병기는 I-18예(67$\%$), II-1(4$\%$), III-8예(29$\%$)이었고, 조직분화도는 1$\~$14예(52$\%$), 2$\~$6예(9$\%$), 3$\~$7예(26$\%$)이었다. 수술 후 조직 소견상 조직분화도가 나쁠수록, 자궁근층의 침범 정도가 심할수록, 자궁부속기의 침범이있는 경우, 림프-혈관 침범이 있는 경우 골반내 림프절이 양성을 보이는 경우가 많았으나 통계적인 의미는 없었다. 추적이 종료된 시점에서 사망한 환자가 한 예도 없어 전체 생존율은 100$\%$이었으나 3예에서 병이 재발되어 3년 및 5년 무병생존율이 각각 89.6$\%$,, 76.8$\%$이었다. 재발 장소는 골반내, 대동맥방림프절, 폐를 포함한 다발성 등이 각각 I예 이었고 질 재발은 관찰되지 않았다. FIGO 병기(p=0.01), 림프-혈관 침범(p=0.03), 골반내 림프절 침범(p=0.0001)등이 무병생존을에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 조직분화도가 나쁠수록 무병생존율이 저조한 경향을 보였다(p=0.1). 치료부작용으로는 1예에서만 Grade 1의 직장출혈이 나타났으나 중등도 이상의 합병증을 보인 경우는 없었다. 결론 : 수술후 조직학적 소견에 따른 외부방사선치료 및 추가 질내조사는 국소재발을 억제하는데 효과적인 것으로 판단되며 결과적으로 생존율을 향상시키는데 기여하는 것으로 생각된다. 다만, 병기 및 조직분화도에 따라 질내조사를 추가하지 않는 경우 질 재발이 호발하는 환자군에 대한 연구가 더 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.253-263
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• 1991

1985년부터 1990년까지 연세대학교, 연세암센터 치료방사선과에 내원하였던 27명의 간외담도종양환자를 대상으로 외부방사선조사 및 관내 근접조사(intraluminal brachytherapy)를 병용하였을 경우 적절한 국소관해율을 얻을 수 있는지에 대한 후향적 분석을 하였고 이러한 치료방법에 대한 결과를 불완전한 절제술후 방사선치료를 시행한 군의 치료성적과 비교분석하였다. 16명은 남성이었고 11명은 여성이었으며, 평균나이는 58세($34\~70$세)였다. 외부방사선치료는 10 MV Linear Accelerator, 4 문조사방법을 이용하였고 총 조사량은 $45\~55$ Gy이었다. 관내 근접조사는 외부방사선조사후 시행하였고 Ir-192를 사용한 고선량치료기기인 Gamma-Med 12i를 이용하여 총 15Gy를 조사하였다. 최소 추적조사기간은 12개월이었다. 치료방법에 따라 3개의 군으로 대별해 보았는데, 1군(6명)은 불완전 절제술후 미시적 잔류암존재로 방사선치료를 시행했던 경우이고 2군(13명)은 수술불가능하여 방사선치료 단독으로 치료하였던 경우이며, 3군(8명)은 외부방사선조사와 관내근접조사를 병용하였던 경우로 분류하였다. 치료실패요인은 대부분 국소실패였고 원격전이는 관찰되지 않았다. 중앙생존기간은 10개월이었고 2년 생존율은 $30\%$이었다. 각 치료군에 따른 치료실패율은 1군 $67\%(4/6),\;2군\;79\%(10/13),\;3군\;38\%(3/8)$이었으며 중앙생존기간은 각각 10개월, 6개월, 10개월이었다. 또한 2년 생존율은 각각 $56\%,\;18\%,\;50\%$로서 종합적으로 1군과 3군간의 생존율과 중앙생존기간은 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 따라서 본 저자들은 간외담도종양 환자의 경우 외부 방사선치료만으로는 만족할 만한 결과를 얻을 수 없었으며 외부방사선 치료와 관내근접조사를 병용하였을 경우 수술적 절제술이 시행되었던 경우와 비슷한 치료성적을 얻었기에 이를 보고하는 바이며 향후 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 생존율을 향상시키기 위해 적극적인 방사선치료 방법이 모색되어야 하리라 생각하는 바이다.