• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

Modern enterprises should concentrate their efforts on continuous improvements in focusing their development in the core areas of business and to reduce their expenses and to enhance the quality of service for customers. The enterprises should focus on their core business while outsourcing the non-core areas of business to external specialists for the purpose of reducing cost. In South Korea, the enterprises are becoming increasingly interested in outsourcing their logistics function, especially in using IT technologies to the 3PL. The underlying reason for this trend is because the logistics costs of Korean businesses are much higher than that of other advanced countries. This higher logistic costs weakens the price competitiveness of Korean companies in the overseas export markets and even dampening the balance of international trade. Domestically, the higher logistics costs have the effect of raising prices in the local markets and thus affecting the local economy. Therefore a solution is urgently needed to save the logistics costs for the Korean companies in the interest of increasing national competitiveness. Outsourcing to the 3PL is becoming an attraction solution to this problem. Thanks to the increasing supply of professional logistics companies, many of the enterprises are switching to the Third Party Logistics. Nevertheless the enterprises do not yet utilize the integrated third-party logistics services on a full scale. This study analyzes present conditions and problems of the domestic third-party logistics market and suggests directions for future development. To solve the problems in the domestic third-party logistics market, four actions are recommended. First there should be new supporting policies in the laws and regulations and a system for small and medium sized companies to grow. Solutions to structural problems such as abnormal multilevel merchandising, illegal operation of private cars, and freight dumping should be implemented concurrently. Furthermore, standards for new companies entry into the market should be enhanced to allow only the competitive distribution companies to enter the market. Second, development of variety of educational programs is needed through establishing human-resource development system and specialized formal educational institution focused on this market. Third, the third party distribution companies, which seek long-term relationships with the owners of goods, should endeavor to strengthen their communications capability. Fourth, adoption of high-tech distribution system and the advent of U-Logistics, making use of RFID is urgent. This study has the limitation of objectivity because it does not include various comparative case studies about companies relating to the Third Party Logistics and domestic franchise companies. However, this study is significant to the extent that it analyzes the general present conditions and the problems of domestic Third Party Logistics and suggests recommendations for revitalization of Third Party Logistics. For future studies, analyzing the successful cases of international third party logistics companies' empirical data and studying the application into domestic franchise companies would improve the objectivity of the results. This would assist the domestic third party logistics companies not only to perform excellent domestic logistics function but also to enter into the global market for international logistics.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.45-69
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• 2020

In Danyang area, various geological structures as well as various lithology and strata are well developed, which are useful for studying paleo-environment and structural movements, and also typical karst landforms, wethering landforms and river landforms. If geologically and geomorphologically valuable resources are used in terms of geotourim perspective, it is expected that revitalization of regional economy through diversification of attracting factors and employment creation of local people. Danyang has many excellent geological resources for geological field trip, they can greatly contribute to the development of geology such as expanding the base of geology and cultivating successive generations. In this study, we have evaluated newly discovered sites and previously excavated resources based on academical and educational values. By using these geological and geomorphological resources, we suggest three geotrail courses as follows. First, Geo-trail A is mainly focused on geological structures (Route A: Jeong Hwan Route), where we can learn geological deformation and movement through various brittle and ductile deformation structures. Second, Geo-trail B is mainly focused on stratigraphic importance (Route B: Soon-Bok Route), which emphasizes on various rocks, strata and contact relationship. Third, Geo-trail C is mainly focused on geomorphological landforms and landscapes (Route C: Satgat Route), which provide information about different geomorphological landforms and the interaction between different geological agents. In order to operate these geotrail courses efficiently, installation of explanation boards and view points, cultivate local commentators, and visitor centers and experience programs should be properly prepared together.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.391-403
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• 1998

The study was carried out to devise a proper measure to increase the income of mountain villagers by producing sap water of Acer mono, and to make the most of sap water as local specialty to contribute to the local economy of mountain villages. All the processes from collecting to marketing of sap water of Acer mono was investigated. The survey was done from mid-January to mid-February in the 3 major sap water collecting regions, Toji-myon Kurey-gun(Piagol area of Mt. Chiri), Okryong-myon Kwangyang city(Mt. Baekun), and Jookhack-ri Sunchon(Mt. Chokey). A total of 90 householders who collect sap water, to say again, 30 householders in each region, were interviewed personally to make up questionnaires. The habitual or general practices about collecting sap water, the selling price, the sales process, labor power to collect and carry down, carrying distance and facilities, sales income and side income, and family income were investigated and examined. Spots of collecting sap water were not concentrated but scattered all over the collecting area. Collecting method, collecting amount, sales process, and selling price varied with the village and region. Sap water was collected by tapping or boring method, the latter of which was widely used in lots of regions except in Sunchon. Although the amount of sap production per family varied with region, the average amount was about 1,350 liters. Of all the sap water collected, 44% was consumed by drinking of on-the-spot visitors and 36% was sold by order, etc. Sap water was sold at the price varying from 10,000 won to 60,000 won per 18 liters. The average selling price was 41,000 won, but selling prices of 43,000 won and 45,000 wan amounted to 38% and 25%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.10-27
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• 2017

Recently, the importance of recognizing the natural environment and the need for its conservation are increasing due to rapid urbanization. Suncheon Bay, designated as Scenic Site No. 41 and one of the World's Five Greatest Coastal Wetlands, is the only tideland among the tidal flats in Korea, which has salt marsh reserves. It has high conservation value from the ecological aspect. In addition to the Suncheon Bay National Garden, it provides various benefits not only to visitors but to local residents as well in terms of economics, environmental issues, and history and cultural aspects. Two million tourists visit the site annually, which has constantly highlighted the limits of ecological capacity. The valuation of the Suncheon Bay wetland is more important for the sustainability of the Suncheon Bay wetland than for its value as a tourism resource for the activation of the local economy. This study used the Logit model, which is commonly used among probabilistic choice models, to evaluate the economic value of Suncheon Bay wetland with the contingent valuation method(CVM). Applying the conservation value of the Suncheon Bay wetland to the benefit of KRW 8,200 for 1 person and 1 day, the benefit from exploration is KRW 2,050, the management and conservation value is KRW 3,034, and the heritage value is KRW 3,116. The results of this study are that benefit from the annual exploration of Suncheon Bay wetland was KRW 44.3 in billion, the management and conservation value was KRW 6.55 in billion, and the heritage value was KRW 6.73 in billion. When converted to the number of paying visitors per year, the conservation value is about KRW 177.1 billion. This study was conducted to evaluate the use and conservation aspects of the economic value of Suncheon Bay wetland. Based on the latent value of the Suncheon Bay wetland, it provides basic data about the efficient management and policy establishment of Suncheon Bay wetland. The study is significant in that the ecological sustainability of the Suncheon bay wetland and the value of non-marketable were evaluated based on the recognition of 'benefit through exploration', 'management and conservation value' and 'value of heritage'. It can be used as policy decision data on the integrated collection of the admission fee of the Suncheon Bay wetland and Suncheon Bay National Garden.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.167-178
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the direct investment decision factors in the Kaesong Industrial Complex and Vietnam, and to contribute to the creation of domestic jobs and the revitalization of the inter-Korean economy. According to the analysis, most of the Kaesong Industrial Complex and Vietnamese investment companies are entering the complex for the purpose of utilizing cheap labor, cheap factory locations, sales/development of local markets, and bypass export production bases in third countries. This can be divided into production-efficient investors using differences in production price such as labor costs and market-oriented investors to sell and expand the local market, which seems to be consistent with global direct investment patterns such as Nike, Apple, and Amazon. However, even if the North Korea-U.S. denuclearization talks ease or lift sanctions, Vietnamese investors' willingness to invest in the North Korea has been most burdened by the possibility of closing special economic zones due to political risks. Last but not least, it is important to note that those willing to invest in North Korea are mostly smaller enterprises in textiles, sewing, footwear and leather industries-those that benefit from low-cost labor. Since their size is small, they need policy support in financing, especially in the early stages of their business. Even after they grow past the early stages, those without collateral would still need state guarantee letters to get financing. Thus, it is worth considering to use the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund to compensate commercial banks for bad loan loss or for low-interest loans for smaller SMEs. The interviews with SMEs found that red-tape is one of the biggest difficulties they face. Thus, it is recommended that a one-stop service agency should be established to cover all processes and issues related to inter-Korean economic cooperation to eliminate redundancy and expediate government support for SMEs.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.40
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• pp.111-136
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• 2020

Agricultural high schools are undergoing a change their name from the mid-1950s to the 2000s. Although it varies slightly depending on the case, it has been changed from 'rural forests' to 'agricultural farms' or 'agricultural industries' and 'life sciences high schools' in turn. In several aricultural high schools had managed Nongak Department(class), it's guarantees the continuity of Korea's traditional folk art. Examples include entertainment and farming in Honam region of Jeonju aricultural high School in North Jeolla Province, Geumsan aricultural high School in South Chungcheong Province, Gimcheon aricultural high School in North Gyeongsang Province. Therefore, the interpretation and significance of studies should follow. This method of Nongak education in modern school institutions is a new phenomenon in the history of Nongak after modern time, the emergence of a whole new pattern of professional entertainment Nongak after paving and Female-Nongak, as well as local traditional folk music. Education here was conducted in such a way that the best performers of the time were invited as guidance teachers among traditional folk artists. Thus, various local and professional music and entertainment were able to be promoted Apart from the social relations of delay, social progress, and economy, the education of farming and music, which consists of teachers and students in public schools, has provided an environment where unlimited freedom is allowed for art forms. In other words, the conditions for a new performance style experiment and creative fusion were met, and the foundation for the development of professional musical performers who had acquired individualized talents from previous generations was laid down in the context of the phenomenon of active stage music and theater performance of outstanding in the culture of Nongak. In other words, the Department of Agriculture and aricultural high school was a very free space compared to other communities' and economic community's agricultural music in social relationships bound by traditional cultural customs. This is why they have created a new style of performance through a new experiment and a different traditional performance repertoire, and their activities have led to a more stylistic expansion from traditional farming. More importantly, the figures who came across Agricultural Nongak department became the main experts of traditional Korean folk music nowdays. Thus, Nongak Department, operated by the Agriculture and Forestry High School, was a space where would give a very important meaning in terms of Nongak history.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.464-476
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• 2022

In recent years, macroalgal bloom occurs frequently in coastal oceans worldwide. It might be attributed to accelerating climate change. "Green tide" events caused by proliferation of green macroalgae (Ulva spp.) not only damage the local economy, but also harm coastal environments. These nuisance events have become common across several coastal regions of continents. In Korea, green tide incidences are readily seen throughout the year along the coastlines of Jeju Island, particularly the northeastern coast, since the 2000s. Ulva species are notorious to be difficult for morphology-based species identification due to their high degrees of phenotypic plasticity. In this study, to investigate temporal variation in Ulva community structure on Jeju Island between 2015 and 2020, chloroplast barcode tufA gene was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed for 152 specimens from 24 sites. We found that Ulva ohnoi and Ulva pertusa known to be originated from subtropical regions were the most predominant all year round, suggesting that these two species contributed the most to local green tides in this region. While U. pertusa was relatively stable in frequency during 2015 to 2020, U. ohnoi increased 16% in frequency in 2020 (36.84%), which might be associated with rising sea surface temperature from which U. ohnoi could benefit. Two species (Ulva flexuosa, Ulva procera) of origins of Europe should be continuously monitored. The findings of this study provide valuable information and molecular genetic data of genus Ulva occurring in southern coasts of Korea, which will help mitigate negative influences of green tide events on Korea coast.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 1973

Needless to say, the management of national forest in all countries is very important in view of the national mission and management purposes. Korean national forest is also in particular significant in promoting national economy for the continuous increasing of the demand for wood, conservation of the land and social welfare. But there's no denying the fact that the leading aim of the Korean forest policy has been based upon the conservation of forest resources and recovery of land conservation function instead of improvement of the forest productive capacity. Therefore, the management of national forest should be aimed as an industry in the chain of the Korean national economy. And the increment of the forest productive capacity based on rationalized forest management is also urgently needed. Not only the increment of the timber production but also the establishment of the good forest in quality and quantity are to bring naturally many functions of conservation and other public benefits. In 1908 Korean national forest was historically established for the first time as a result of the notification for ownership, and was divided into two kinds in 1911-1924, such as indisposable national forest for land conservation, forest management, scientific research and public welfare, and the other national forest to be disposed. Indisposable forest is mostly under the jurisdiction of national forest stations (Chungbu, Tongbu, Nambu), and the tother national forests are under custody of respective cities and provinces, and under custody of the other government authorities. As of the end of 1971, national forest land is 19.5% (1,297,708 ha) of the total forest land area, but growing stock is 50.1% ($35,406,079m^3$) of the total forest growing stock, and timber production of national forest is 23.6% ($205,959m^3$) of the year production of total timber in Korea. Accordingly, it is the important fact that national forest occupies the major part of Korean forestry. The author positively affirms that success or failure of the management of national forest controls rise or fall of forestry in Korea. All functions of forest are very important, but among others the function of timber production is most important especially in Korea, that unavoidably imports a large quantity of foreign wood every year (in 1971 import of foreign wood-$3,756,000m^3$, 160,995,000 dollars). So, Korea urgently needs the improvement of forest productive capacity in national forest. But it is difficult that wood production meets the rapid increase of demand for wood to the development of economy, because production term of forestry is long, so national forest management should be rationalized by the effective investment and development of forestry techniques in the long view. Although Korean national forest business has many difficulties in the budget, techniques and the lack of labour due to outflow of rural village labour by development of national economy, and the increase of labour wages and administrative expenses etc. the development of national forest depends on adoption of the suitable forest techniques and management adapted for social and economical development. In this view point the writer has investigated and analyzed the status of the management of national forest in Korea to examine the irrational problems and suggest an improvement plan. The national forestry statistics cited in this study is based on the basic statistics and the statistics of the forest business as of the end of 1971 published by Office of Forestry, Republic of Korea, and the other depended on the data presented by the national forest stations. The writer wants to propose as follows (seemed to be helpful in improvement of Korean national forest management). 1) In the organization of national forest management, more national forest stations should be established to manage intensively, and the staff of working plan officials should be strengthened because of the importance of working plan. 2) By increasing the staff of protection officials, forest area assigned for each protection official should be decreased to 1,000-2,000 ha. 3) The frequent personnel changes of supervisor of national forest station(the responsible person on-the-spot) obstructs to accomplish the consistent management plan. 4) In the working plan drafting for national forest, basic investigations should be carefully practiced with sufficient expenditure and staff not to draft unreal working plan. 5) The area of working-unit should be decreased to less than 2,000 ha on the average for intensive management and the principle of a working-unit in a forest station should be realized as soon as possible. 6) Reforestation on open land should be completed in a short time with a debt of the special fund(a long term loan), and the land on which growing hardwood stands should be changed with conifers to increase productivity per unit area, and at the same time techical utilization method of hardwood should be developed. 7) Expenses of reforestation should be saved by mechanization and use of chemicals for reforestation and tree nursery operation providing against the lack of labour in future. 8) In forest protection, forest fire damage is enormous in comparison with foreign countries, accordingly prevention system and equipment should be improved, and also the minimum necessary budget should be counted up for establishment and manintenance of fire-lines. 9) Manufacture production should be enlarged to systematize protection, processing and circulation of forest business, and, by doing this, mich benefit is naturally given for rural people. 10) Establishment and arrangement of forest road networks and erosion control work are indispensable for the future development of national forest itself and local development. Therefore, these works should be promoted by the responsibility of general accounting instead of special accounting. 11) Mechanization of forest works should be realized for exploiting hinterlands to meet the demand for timber increased and for solving lack of labour, consequently it should promote import of forest machines, home production, training for operaters and careful adminitration. 12) Situation of labour in future will grow worse. Therefore, the countermeasure to maintain forest labourers and pay attention to public welfare facilities and works should be considered. 13) Although the condition of income and expenditure grows worse because of economical change, the regular expenditure should be fixed. So part of the surplus fund, as of the end of 1971, should be established for the fund, and used for enlarging reforestation and forest road networks(preceding investment in national forest).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.52-63
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• 2009

WTO/TBT aims to reduce impediments to trade resulting from differences between national regulations and standards. Where international standards exist or their completion is imminent, the Code of Good Practice says that standardizing bodies should use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for any standards they develop. Drawing is a formal and precise way of communicating information about the shape, size and, features. In addition, drawing is a part of the universal language of engineering. However there are many differences between international landscape drawing standard ISO 11091 and Korean landscape drawing practice(KLDP). The result of a comparison of ISO 11091 with KLDP and suggestions for international standardization of KLDP are summarized as follows. First, Among the 33 kinds of conventions from ISO 11091, 2 similar kinds and 15 different kinds from KLDP and 16 kinds of conventions which exist only in ISO 11091 appeared-for the international standardization of KLDP, it is necessary to make an extensive alteration of KLDP. Second, Europe Unity countries accepted ISO 11091 and are using it as their national standard for landscape drawing. Even Japan has accepted ISO 11091 on their civil engineering drawings and is using it as their national standard. Therefore, we need to hasten KS standard enactment based on ISO 1091. Third, For the KS standard of construction drawings, the degree of international standardization is rising even though there are still differences from the ISO standard. Therefore, since the burden on the international standardization of KLDP is expected to be weighed, preparations should be quickly brought about in the practice fields. Fourth, Since in the landscape planting ordinances of local independent governments is the standard presented by categorizing trees into evergreen and deciduous, such parts should be modified and introduced when enacting the KS standard based on ISO 11091. Fifth, For the enactment of the KS standard for landscape drawings, a wide range of opinions should be collected by the relevant landscape organization by installing a committee, and based on its recommendation, an application for the KS standard enactment of landscape drawing should be made to the chief of Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.803-812
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• 2014

This study assesses the strategy and performance of Eco-industrial Park (EIP) initiative implemented by Korea Industrial Complex Corporation (KICOX) with the support of Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Korea since 2005 to 2013 and recommends future directions. After the concept of EIP based on industrial symbiosis (IS) is introduced, the background and implementation procedure of the EIP initiative are described. Then, economic and environmental achievement was assessed. During the project periods (2005-2013), 449 industrial symbiosis project were explored, among which 296 projects have been implemented. Among (Of these 296 projects,) them, 244 projects have been completed in which 118 projects have been commercialized which shows 48% commercialization rate of the completed projects. Through these commercialized projects, around 311.1 billion won/year of economic benefits and reduction of waste by-products of 828,113 tons/year, wastewater of 215,517 tons/year, reduction in energy consumption of 250,475 toe/year and GHG emission reduction of 1,107,189 $tCO_2/year$ were achieved. This results confirmed that EIP initiative based on industrial symbiosis can enhance eco-efficiency of industrial parks and harmonize economy and environment. However, there are obstacles like absence of interagency coordination and cooperation, laws and institutional barriers, increased demand for local governments, funding for project investment. Thus, to utilize EIP initiative as a strategic tool for competiveness and environmental management of industrial parks, it needs intergovernmental collaboration and interdisciplinary approach to lower barrier in implementation.