• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.83-96
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide the fundamental information fer the rehabilitation of hand injury and to emphasize the point of early treatment of hand injury after operation. The subjects are composed with the physical therapists who care hand injury and are engaged in 76 university hospitals,59 general hospitals and 88 semi and local clinics respectively. Investigator take the research form chart with 41 questionnaire and use the cross tabulation frequencies and one-way ANOVA of SPSS WIN(ver 10.0) for the statistic analysis. The results of this research are as follows :1. The number of physical therapists who care hand injury are 110 men and 113 women. 2. The beginning period of active assistive exorcise on the various type of injuries are as follows: At the case of flexor tendon injury, the most part of physical therapists make response to the period that is above 4 weeks in the rate of 29.1%. At the case of fracture, the most part of physical therapists make response to the period those are from 3 weeks to less than 4 weeks and from 4 weeks to less than 5 weeks in the rate of 28.7% respectively. At the case of crushing injury, the most part of physical therapists response to the period that is above 4 weeks in the rate of 32.2%. At the case of amputation injury, the most part of physical therapists response to the period that is above 4 weeks in the rate of 40.4%. 3. In the physical therapy request, treatment period are mentioned in 22.0%. 4. The most difficult factors in the hand treatment is to contracture soft tissue and joint to physical therapist in the rate of 59.6%. 5. Among the reasons of the intervention between physical therapy request and actual treatment, the case of wrong physical therapy request is examined in 69.4%.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 2015

Objectives: To examine the medical effectiveness of meditation programs ($\alpha$ version) by psychological types. Methods: MBTI, which was created by Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers, was used as the Psychological Type test and to investigate psychological temperament and functions and psychological preferences. Heart rate variability was used to test the effectiveness of meditation by investigating time domains (mean HR, SDNN, PSI) and frequence domain parameters (TP, LF, HF, LF or HF norm, Ln (TP or VLF or LF or HF). Results: 1. The autonomic nervous system became active, and both time domains and frequency domains showed positive responses to meditation in heart rate variability tests, without distinction of Psychological Types. 2. In Psychological Types using sensing over intuition for perception, there were positive responses as well as an increase of the parasympathetic nervous system's activeness to meditation for heart rate variability tests, depending on psychological temperaments and psychological functions. 3. In heart rate variability tests by preferences, there was no difference. Extroversion and Introversion types, Sensing over Intuition Types, Thinking over Feeling Types, Judging over Perception Types had an increase of activeness of the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, meditation has a positive physical and psychological relaxing effect. Conclusions: A complex meditation program has a positive effect on overall meditation. Especially in the MBTI test, sensing was superior to intuition when people recognized objects. The Sensing, Thinking and Judging type was more advantageous than Intuition, Feeling and Perception, respectively. In the future, a well-designed control study is needed, to develop a suitable meditation for each personality type.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.7
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• pp.105-127
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• 2005

This research is on the characteristics and roles of important cities of Germany based on the history of the modern art museum and its possessions. Especially, it is focusing on the modern art museums in the western Germany including Dusseldorf, Koln, and Frankfrut that have shown economic recovery from the Miracle of Rhine; the capital city of Germany, Berlin, as well as Munich, the second capital city of Germany. Here, it harmonizes with the tradition of the past and simultaneously, it spreads the concept and role of the new museum as a forerunner. After the WWII, this is the most active of supporting investment for art museums and authors from the economic development. Also, it represents Germany with its national promotion of culture and arts. The modern art museums of Germany emphasize the mission that they exist for the people and the nation as well as creation of new art culture. These art museums working for national culture and art development do not simply collect and preserve arts. They induce active involvement from the public and keep in mind of national objectives. Here, art museums become and educational setting for the people and a room for new art culture. This research is on Germany modern art museum and it is composed of important 'public institutions' of Germany that critically influence the growth of world-renown authors. After the unification of Germany, Munchen and the western region became an important places centering around new Berlin modern art museum. They are the best places that show the national objectives and regional characteristics. Also, there are art museum educational curriculum and open space for the people by explaining exhibition plans and contents. Furthermore, there are two characteristics of German modern art museums that are noteworthy. Firstly, there are Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie, Munchen's Pinakothek de Moderne, and Dusseldorf's 'K20' (Kunstsammlung N-Westfalen K20) that are the roots of modern art. These modern art museums exhibit popular author's collection repeatedly. This has a tendency to standardize audiences' view or to make audiences bored. It is becoming more like a trend for art work to appear and disappear. Despite these problems, German modern art museums play a critical role for a new cultural art creation and for the national identity by attempting to show the works of domestic authors as well as an intensive collection of world-renown authors' works. Secondly, there is a role as a new art museum to work together with people. It strives to continuously educate difficult modem arts, exhibits in an open space stimulating interest, participation, and conversations. From these roles, Hamburger Bahnhof Museum fur Gegenwart or Dusseldorf's 'K21, Frankfurt Museum $f\"{u}r$ Moderne Kunst, $Kf\"{o}ln$ Museum Ludwig are given new attention. Here, they emphasize the importance of communicating with the audiences and provides experiences that are different from the original spaces by showing the architecture tecture style of the art museum. In conclusion, German modern art museums attempt various changes by connecting to art education. With art museum activities, there forms a connection between arts and the lives of people, and from this, creative cultural art focused on the art museum borns. This is not only limited to Germany, the U.S., etc. We, too, should pay attention to new art culture creation from changes of role and function of modern art museums.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.10
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• pp.1-24
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• 2004

Wir leben heute in der sosenannten Wissensgesellschaft. Diese Geseilschaft kann durch den Zugang zu immensen Wissens- und Informationsbestanden sowie durch einen fruher nicht denkbaren Grad an $Akualit\"{a}t$ dieser Informationen gekennzeichnet werden Deutsche Unternehmen haben bereits erkannt, dass das Wissen ihrer Mitarbeiter den Wert eines Unternehmens $ma{\ss}geblich$ bestimmt. Deshalb fordern sie von ihren Mitarbeitern, sich immer speziellere, immer neuere Wissensinhaite bzw. Informationen immer schneller anzueignen. Dies gilt auch $f\"{u}r$ Fremdsprachen, deren Kenntnis im Prozess der weit vorangeschrittenen Internationalisierung und Globalisierung als ein wesentliches Instrument vorausgesetzt wird. Der Hangel an fremdsprachlichen $F\"{a}higkeiten$ in Betrieben wirkt sick vol allem auf ihre Kompetenz im Umgang mil einer steigenden Anzahl von $Gesch\"{a}ftskontakten$ und ihre $ausl\"{a}ndischen$ $M\"{a}rkte$ aus. D. h. er bedeutet in einer durch zunehmenden Wettbewerb bestimmten Weit Marktverluste. Unternehmen sollen Herausforderungen $bew\"{a}ltigen$, die $gro{\ss}e$ interaktive und kommunikative $F\"{a}higkeit$ erfordern, $Ver\"{a}nderungen$ zu begreifen, sich ihnen zu stollen und sie zu $\"{u}berwinden$, um erfolgreich einen $gr\"{o}{\ss}eren$ Wirkungskreis auf den $Weltm\"{a}rkten$ zv erreichen. Deutsche Unternehmen erkennen inzwischen die besondere Bedeutung von $Fremdsprachenf\"{a}higkeiten$ ihrer Mitarbeiter $f\"{u}r$ Erfdlgssicherung und -ausbau. Diese Erkenntnisse ergeben sich auch aufgrund von Unternehmensbefragungen (z.B. vom Institut der deutschen Wirtschafi, $K\"{o}ln$). In fast allen Unternehmen ist Englisch die Fremdsprache Nummer Eins. Sie brauchen allerdings mehr als eine Fremdsprache. In der Regel werden zwei bis drei Fremdsprachen pro Betrieb $ben\"{o}tigt$. Wie $gro{\ss}$ der Fremdsprachenbedarf ist, $h\"{a}ngt$ von verschiedenen Faktoren ab: 1) Je $gr\"{o}{\ss}er$ ein Betrieb ist, desto wichtiger werden die fremdsprachlichen $F\"{a}higkeiten$ seiner Mitarbeiter. 2) In Firmen mit Auslandsverbindung und Unternehmen, die Teil eines $ausl\"{a}ndischen $Betriebes sind bzw $ausl\"{a}indische$ Niederlassungen haben, ist der Fremdsprachenbedarf von $gro{\ss}er$ Bedeutung. 3) Nach Branchen ist der Fremdsprachenbedarf differenziert. Fremdsprachenkenntnisse sind im exportorientierten produzierenden Gewerbe unverzichtbar. 4) In den verschiedenen Unternehmensbereichen werden Fremdsprachenkenntnisse differenziert $ben\"{o}tigt$. Funktionsbereiche wie Verkauf und Kundenbetreuung haben den $st\"{a}rksten$ Fremdsprachenbedarf, Kommunikation ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung $f\"{u}r$ erfolgreiche Verhandlungen. Je $gr\"{o}{\ss}er$ die sprachliche $F\"{a}higkeiten$ und das Geschick der Mitarbeiter sind, umso besser laufen die $Gesch\"{a}ftsverhandlungen$. Damit wird klar, weshalb sich viele deutsche Unternehmen beim Fremdsprachenlernen, bzw. bei der Fort- und Weiterbildung von Fremdsprachenkenntnissen ihrer Mitarbeiter spendabel zeigen.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2005

The study was targeted to saccharify foodwastes with the cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes obtained from culture supernatant of Trichoderma harzianum FJ1 and analyze the kinetics of the saccharification in order to enlarge the utilization in industrial application. T. harzianum FJ1 highly produced various cellulolytic (filter paperase 0.9, carboxymethyl cellulase 22.0, ${\beta}$-glucosidase 1.2, Avicelase 0.4, xylanase 30.8, as U/mL-supernatant) and amylolytic (${alpha}$-amylase 5.6, ${\beta}$-amylase 3.1, glucoamylase 2.6, as U/mL-supernatant) enzymes. The $23{\sim}98\;g/L$ of reducing sugars were obtained under various experimental conditions by changing FPase to between $0.2{\sim}0.6\;U/mL$ and foodwastes between $5{\sim}20\%$ (w/v), with fixed conditions at $50^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0, and 100 rpm for 24 h. As the enzymatic hydrolysis of foodwastes were performed in a heterogeneous solid-liquid reaction system, it was significantly influenced by enzyme and substrate concentrations used, where the pH and temperature were fixed at their experimental optima of 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. An empirical model was employed to simplify the kinetics of the saccharification reaction. The reducing sugars concentration (X, g/L) in the saccharification reaction was expressed by a power curve ($X=K{\cdot}t^n$) for the reaction time (t), where the coefficient, K and n. were related to functions of the enzymes concentrations (E) and foodwastes concentrations (S), as follow: $K=10.894{\cdot}Ln(E{\cdot}S^2)-56.768,\;n=0.0608{\cdot}(E/S)^{-0.2130}$. The kinetic developed to analyze the effective saccharification of foodwastes composed of complex organic compounds could adequately explain the cases under various saccharification conditions. The kinetics results would be available for reducing sugars production processes, with the reducing sugars obtained at a lower cost can be used as carbon and energy sources in various fermentation industries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5365-5369
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• 2014

Background: The lymph node ratio (LNR) has been shown to be an important prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. However, studies focusing on the prognostic impact of LNR in rectal cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by curative resection have been limited. The aim of this study was to investigate LNR in rectal cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by curative resection. Materials and Methods: A total of 131 consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant CRT and total mesorectal excision were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the LNR (${\leq}0.2$ [n=86], >0.2 [n=45]) to evaluate the prognostic effect on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results: The median number of retrieved and metastatic lymph node (LN) was 14 (range 1-48) and 2 (range 1-10), respectively. The median LNR was 0.154 (range 0.04-1.0). In multivariate analysis, LNR was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (hazard ratio[HR]=3.778; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.741-8.198; p=0.001) and disease-free survival (HR=3.637; 95%CI 1.838-7.195; p<0.001). Increased LNR was significantly associated with worse OS and DFS in patients with <12 harvested LNs, and as well as in those ${\geq}12$ harvested LNs (p<0.05). In addition, LNR had a prognostic impact on both OS and DFS in patients with N1 staging (p<0.001). Conclusions: LNR is an independent prognostic factor in ypN-positive rectal cancer patients, both in patients with <12 harvested LNs, and as well as in those ${\geq}12$ harvested LNs. LNR provides better prognostic value than pN staging. Therefore, it should be used as an additional prognostic indicator in ypN-positive rectal cancer patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.6013-6017
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• 2013

Background: To evaluate the clinicopathologic and demographic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and to determine differences from non-triple-negative cases. Materials and Methods: A detailed review of the medical records of 882 breast cancer (BC) patients was conducted to obtain information regarding age, menopausal status, height and weight at the time of diagnosis, presence of diabetes or hypertension, and pathologic characteristics of the tumor (tumor size, lymph node status, histologic grade, ER status, PR status, HER2 status, p53 mutation). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and a value of ${\geq}30$ was considered as indicative of obesity. Results: 14.9% (n=132) of the patients had TNBC. There was no difference among the patients in terms of median age, comorbid conditions and menopausal status. The proportion of medullary, tubular and mucinous carcinomas was significantly higher (15.9%) in the triple-negative (TN) group, while invasive lobular histology was more frequent (8.2%) among non-triple negative (NTN) cases (p<0.001). Grade 3 (G3) tumors were more frequent in the triple-negative group (p<0.001). The rate of p53 mutation was 44.3% in TN tumors versus 28.2% in the NTN group (p<0.001). The two groups were similar in terms of LN metastasis. In the NTN group, the rate of patients with BMI ${\geq}30$ was 53% among postmenopausal patients, while it was 36% among premenopausal women, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in terms of BMI between postmenopausal and premenopausal patients in the TN group (p=0.08). Conclusions: TNBC rates and clinicopathologic characteristics of the Turkish patient population were consistent with the data from Europe and America. However, no relationship between obesity and TNBC was observed in our study. The association between TNBC and obesity needs to be evaluated in a larger patient population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2137-2140
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• 2016

Background: Gall bladder cancer (GBC) usually presents as unresectable or metastatic disease. We conducted a feasibility study to evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) on radiologic downstaging and resectability in unresectable GBC cases. Materials and Methods: Patients with locally advanced disease were treated with chemoradiotherapy [CTRT] ( external radiotherapy (45Gy) along with weekly concurrent cisplatin $35mg/m^2$ and 5-FU 500 mg) and those with positive paraaortic nodes were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy [NACT (cisplatin $25mg/m^2$ and gemcitabine $1gm/m^2$ day 1 and 8, 3 weekly for 3 cycles). Radiological assessment was according to RECIST criteria by evaluating downstaging of liver involvement and lymphadenopathy into complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD). Results: A total of 40 patients were evaluated from January 2012 to December 2014 (CTRT=25, NACT=15). Pretreatment CT scans revealed involvement of hilum (19), liver infiltration (38), duodenum involvement (n=22), colon involvement (n=11), N1 involvement (n=11), N2 disease (n=8), paraaortic LN (n=15), and no lymphadenopathy (n=6). After neoadjuvant therapy, liver involvement showed CR in 11(30%), PR in 4 (10.5%), SD in 15 (39.4%) and lymph node involvement showed CR in 17 (50%), PR in 6 (17.6%), SD in 4 (11.7 %). Six patients (CTRT=2, NACT=4) with 66.6 % and 83% downstaging of liver and lymphnodes respectively underwent extended cholecystectomy. There was 16.6 % and 83.3% rates of histopathological CR of liver and lymph nodes. All resections were R0. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant therapy in unresectable gall bladder cancer results in a 15% resectability rate. This approach has a strong potential in achieving R0 and node negative disease. Radiologic downstaging (CR+PR) of liver involvement is 40.5% and lymphadenopathy is 67.5%. Nodal regression could serve as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant therapy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1544-1550
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• 2008

The retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) play a critical role in vision, growth, reproduction, cell differentiation and embryonic development. Using the IMpRH panel, porcine cellular retinol binding protein genes 5 and 7 (RBP5 and RBP7) were assigned to porcine chromosomes 5 and 6, respectively. The complete coding sequences (CDS) of the RBP5 and RBP7 genes were amplified using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, and the deduced amino acid sequences of both genes were compared to human corresponding proteins. The mRNA distributions of the two genes in adult Wuzhishan pig tissues (lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, heart, stomach, large intestine, lymph node, small intestine, liver, brain, kidney and fat) were examined. A total of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in two genes. Three of these SNPs were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in Laiwu, Wuzhishan, Guizhou, Bama, Tongcheng, Yorkshire and Landrace pig breeds. Association analysis of genotypes of these SNP loci with economic traits was done in our experimental populations. Significant associations of different genotypes of $RBP5-A/G^{63}$, $RBP5-A/G^{517}$ and $RPB5-T/C^{intron1-90}$ loci with traits including maximum carcass length (LM), minimum carcass length (LN), marbling score (MS), back fat thickness at shoulder (SBF), meat color score (MCS) and hematocrit (HCT) were detected. These SNPs may be useful as genetic markers in genetic improvement for porcine production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.463-463
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• 2014

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have generated a strong interest in the development of solid-state devices owing to their low cost and simple preparation procedures. Effort has been devoted to the study of electrolytes that allow light-to-electrical power conversion for DSSC applications. Several attempts have been made to substitute the liquid electrolyte in the original solar cells by using (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis (N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9-9'-spirobi-fluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) that act as hole conductor [1]. Although efficiencies above 3% have been reached by several groups, here the major challenging is limited photoelectrode thickness ($2{\mu}m$), which is very low due to electron diffusion length (Ln) for spiro-OMeTAD ($4.4{\mu}m$) [2]. In principle, the $TiO_2$ layer can be thicker than had been thought previously. This has important implications for the design of high-efficiency solid-state DSSCs. In the present study, we have fabricated 3-D Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) by growing tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanowire (NWs) arrays via a vapor transport method [3] and mesoporous $TiO_2$ nanoparticle (NP)-based photoelectrodes were prepared using doctor blade method. Finally optimized light-harvesting solid-state DSSCs is made using 3-D TCO where electron life time is controlled the recombination rate through fast charge collection and also ITO NWs length can be controlled in the range of over $2{\mu}m$ and has been characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Structural analyses by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that the ITO NWs formed single crystal oriented [100] direction. Also to compare the charge collection properties of conventional NPs based solid-state DSSCs with ITO NWs based solid-state DSSCs, we have studied intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS), intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and transient open circuit voltages. As a result, above $4{\mu}m$ thick ITO NWs based photoelectrodes with Z907 dye shown the best performing device, exhibiting a short-circuit current density of 7.21 mA cm-2 under simulated solar emission of 100 mW cm-2 associated with an overall power conversion efficiency of 2.80 %. Finally, we achieved the efficiency of 7.5% by applying a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite sensitizer.